tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3255728633930952402024-03-13T09:50:40.349-07:00Green BlogDIY Renewable energy and alternative fuel projects, ArticlesAnonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02920899435537723720noreply@blogger.comBlogger15125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-325572863393095240.post-75696767158889093572012-08-18T01:01:00.001-07:002012-08-18T02:18:07.367-07:00Power from Cow dung - DIY - AF<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"> We just tried to run a SI engine using 100% Bio-gas which was obtained from the Anaerobic digestion of cow dung.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"> Cow dung gas is 55-65% methane, 30-35% carbon dioxide, with some hydrogen, nitrogen and other traces. Its heating value is around 600 B.T.U per cubic foot. Natural gas consists of around 80 % methane, yielding a B.T.U value of about 1000.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"> Cow dung slurry is composed of 1.8-2.4% nitrogen (n2), 1.0-1.2% phosphorus (p2o5), 0.6-0.8% potassium (k2o) and 50-75% organic humus. About one cubic foot of gas may be generated from one pound of cow manure at around 28°c. This is enough gas to cook a day's meals for 4-6 people in India.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"> About 1.7 cubic metres of biogas equals one litre of gasoline. The manure produced by one cow in one year can be converted to methane which is the equivalent of over 200 litres of gasoline.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"> Gas engines require about 0.5 m3 of methane per horsepower per hour. Some care must be taken with the lubrication of engines using solely biogas due to the "dry" nature of the fuel and some residual hydrogen sulphide; otherwise these are a simple conversion of a gasoline engine.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">ACTUAL BIOGAS CONSTITUENTS WHILE USING AZOLLA & CACTUS:</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">The following samples are analysed through “Gas Chromatography Equipment” at CPCL Ltd, Pannankudi. Calorific value of the biogas using azolla is 55MJ/Kg</span><br />
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<span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">S.NO<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">AZOLLA<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">CACTUS<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">1<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN">RAW MATERIAL INPUT</span><span lang="EN-IN"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">10KG.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="line-height: 115%;">10KG</span><span style="line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">2<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN">GAS PRODUCED</span><span lang="EN-IN"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="line-height: 115%;">0.25-0.4 KG</span><span style="line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="line-height: 115%;">0.35-0.45 KG</span><span style="line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">3<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN">CH<sub>4</sub></span><span lang="EN-IN"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">68.21 %<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="line-height: 115%;">57.33 %</span><b><span style="line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">4<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN">CO<sub>2</sub></span><span lang="EN-IN"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">1.98 %<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="line-height: 115%;">14.88 %</span><span style="line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">5<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN">OTHER GAS OR AIR</span><span lang="EN-IN"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">(CO,H,H<sub>2</sub>S,N<sub>2</sub> ETC.,)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="line-height: 115%;">29.81 %</span><span style="line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">28.79 %</span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Let move to the DIY section, </span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Digester Construction :</span></b><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"> A Cylindrical vessel of 75cm dia and 125cm height, having 3 layer, see the diagram. </span><br />
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<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-RP28hhKbIVk/UC85wmERfpI/AAAAAAAAAkk/lxaQApFGOz8/s1600/digester+process+flow.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-RP28hhKbIVk/UC85wmERfpI/AAAAAAAAAkk/lxaQApFGOz8/s200/digester+process+flow.jpg" width="122" /></span></a><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-oHHri-B_su0/UC85zq2HQ4I/AAAAAAAAAks/b653bGf6JXs/s1600/digester.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="223" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-oHHri-B_su0/UC85zq2HQ4I/AAAAAAAAAks/b653bGf6JXs/s320/digester.jpg" width="320" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">AZOLLA: </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">In tamil nadu , the azolla is available at kanyakumari sea beaches.it is nothing but the green plant in which having the ability for doubling the bio mass.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Azolla floats on the surface of water by means of numerous Small, closely overlapping scale-like leaves, with their roots hanging in The water. They form a symbiotic relationship with the cyanobacterium Anabaena azollae, which fixes atmospheric nitrogen, giving the plant Access to the essential nutrient. This has led to the plant being dubbed A "super-plant", as it can readily colonise areas of freshwater, and Grow at great speed - doubling its biomass every two to three days.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">CACTUS</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">In general, cactus having the nature of producing the carbon di oxide. It’s differ depends upon the temperature so in day time it is higher to compare at night time.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">A cactus is a member of the plant family cactaceae, within the order caryophyllales. In the absence of leaves, enlarged stems carry out photosynthesis. Unlike many other succulents, the stem is the only part of most cacti where this vital process takes place.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Photograph of Digester and test setup:</span><br />
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<span style="clear: right; float: right; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="216" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-z_ZkK5a70oo/UC852pKUq5I/AAAAAAAAAk0/945sK-fdYH0/s320/loadtest+bed+assembly.jpg" width="320" /></span><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-3xT1YKysJsc/UC85uUDDMDI/AAAAAAAAAkc/8l62P4aEkZM/s1600/biogas+plant.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-3xT1YKysJsc/UC85uUDDMDI/AAAAAAAAAkc/8l62P4aEkZM/s200/biogas+plant.gif" width="151" /></span></a></div>
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<b><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">METHANE COMBUSTION:<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">In the combustion of methane, several steps are
involved. An early intermediate is formaldehyde (HCHO or H<sub>2</sub>CO).
Oxidation of formaldehyde gives the formyl radical (hco), which then give
carbon monoxide (co):<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">CH<sub>4</sub>
+ O<sub>2</sub> </span><span style="line-height: 150%;">→</span><span style="line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 150%;">CO
+ H<sub>2</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>O<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">The
resulting h<sub>2</sub> oxidizes to h<sub>2</sub>o, releasing heat. This
reaction occurs very quickly, usually in significantly less than a millisecond.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">2
H<sub>2</sub> + O<sub>2</sub> </span><span style="line-height: 150%;">→</span><span style="line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 150%;">2
H<sub>2</sub>o<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Finally,
the co oxidizes, forming co<sub>2 </sub>and releasing more heat. This process
is generally slower than the other chemical steps, and typically requires a few
to several milliseconds to occur. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">2
CO + O<sub>2</sub> </span><span style="line-height: 150%;">→</span><span style="line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 150%;">2
CO<sub>2</sub><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">The
result of the above is the following total equation:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">CH<sub>4</sub>
+ 2 O<sub>2</sub> </span><span style="line-height: 150%;">→</span><span style="line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 150%;">CO<sub>2</sub>
+ 2 H<sub>2</sub>O <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">(<i>δh
</i>= </span><span style="line-height: 150%;">−</span><span style="line-height: 150%;">891 kj/mol (at standard
conditions))<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Emission and Performance test results:</span><br />
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<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-wG9zzZaOnKM/UC9GxNU974I/AAAAAAAAAlU/4r7HMCQ533U/s1600/biogas+engine+results.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="459" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-wG9zzZaOnKM/UC9GxNU974I/AAAAAAAAAlU/4r7HMCQ533U/s640/biogas+engine+results.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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The usage of biogas as fuel is similar to the petrol but it is having the ability to minimize the NOX, CO content and also the specific fuel consumption.</div>
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The production of methane gas using cellulose material is better to compare with ordinary cow dung. </div>
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Using biogas as a fuel for producing power, the problem of electricity demand in our country can be resolved.</div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><i>- This work was done by purushmech@india.com</i></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><b><i><br /></i></b></span>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><b><i>Related Article :</i></b></span><br />
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<a href="http://greenpow.blogspot.in/2012/06/car-run-on-human-waste.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;">Car run on human waste -AF -New technology</span></a></h3>
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<span style="float: left; padding: 0px 10px 5px 0px;"><img height="100px" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-i-HpRGBjtGM/T-AeWCOKB1I/AAAAAAAAAJE/kXuhpZjwUsU/s320/beetle_1691444c.jpg" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0976563) 1px 1px 5px; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0976563) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 5px;" width="120px" /></span><div>
"The Bio-Bug" The Bio-Bug has been converted by a team of British engineers to be powered by biogas, which is produced from human waste at sewage works across the country. They believe the car is a viable alternative to electric vehicles. Excrement flushed down the lavatories of just 70 homes is enough to power the car...</div>
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sri ram rajahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02005266802784819465noreply@blogger.com10tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-325572863393095240.post-58099675606215957542012-08-07T21:55:00.000-07:002012-08-07T21:55:14.395-07:00Fuelcell on Airbus - New Technology<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-89_2Y0GdDcw/UCHttWlnvWI/AAAAAAAAAkI/EBA5Y3lsk4I/s1600/fuelcell+on+airbus.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="112" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-89_2Y0GdDcw/UCHttWlnvWI/AAAAAAAAAkI/EBA5Y3lsk4I/s200/fuelcell+on+airbus.jpg" width="200" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Hydrogen fuel cells are nowhere near powerful enough to replace a commercial aircraft's engines, but that doesn't mean they can't help make air travel cleaner and more efficient.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Airbus plans flight tests of a fuel-cell system that could reduce fuel consumption by as much as 15 percent simply by powering an aircraft's nonpropulsion systems—such as the lights, the entertainment system, and the environmental controls.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">The 90-kilowatt hydrogen fuel cell will be installed into an A320 owned by the German Aerospace Center with the aim of commencing test flights by 2015.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">The fuel cell will act as an auxiliary power source, says Jeff Rolf, vice president of business development and global services at Cleveland, Ohio-based Parker Aerospace, which is developing the system with Airbus. The idea is to remove the need to run the engines when the plane is on the ground, and to reduce the drain normally placed on the engines by nonpropulsion systems during flight.</span></div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Besides the lights, entertainment system, and environment controls, the fuel cell will power the avionics, the hydraulics, and the system used to keep fuel tanks safe by maintaining artificially low oxygen levels. Currently, an aircraft's main engines produce electrical power for these systems during a flight while a separate auxiliary power unit—a small turbine often contained within the tail—powers them on the ground.</span></div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">"The advantage of a fuel cell is, you have direct conversion of energy from chemical to electrical," says Michel Loignon, an engineering manager at Airbus. "We're taking a collection of reasonably mature technologies and integrating them."</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">To accommodate the need for additional power, aircraft are often designed with slightly larger engines than is strictly necessary, increasing the overall weight of the aircraft. The weight of the fuel cell and its fuel supply would be more than offset by the removal of the auxiliary power unit and the fact that it generates power more efficiently, says Loignon.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">There are other savings to be had. "[The fuel cell] breathes air, so it will displace oxygen and generate water," says Rolf. This means the system could reduce the amount of water the aircraft needs to carry at takeoff; on some large airliners that water can weigh as much as 3,000 pounds. The oxygen could also help keep the fuel tanks stable. These savings will eventually be combined with electric-powered wheels for taxiing. "In the commercial implementation, we are hoping to achieve north of 15 percent" overall fuel savings, says Rolf.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">"In the long term, it's a good idea," says William Crowther, an aerospace engineer at Manchester University, in the U.K. But he cautions that fuel cells can be bulky, which can sometimes be more of an issue than weight on an aircraft. He also notes that carrying hydrogen on board will introduce new safety challenges. </span></div>
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<a href="http://www.airbus.com/innovation/eco-efficiency/design/fuel-cells/"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">http://www.airbus.com/innovation/eco-efficiency/design/fuel-cells/</span></a>
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</div>sri ram rajahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02005266802784819465noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-325572863393095240.post-56770588882670233042012-08-02T09:07:00.004-07:002012-08-02T09:07:38.856-07:00High-Performance Air-Breathing Batteries - New Technology<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: justify;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-T3YLN9d2VJw/UBqkFA35ueI/AAAAAAAAAj4/OQnzZM7TKh4/s1600/USC_battery_1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="136" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-T3YLN9d2VJw/UBqkFA35ueI/AAAAAAAAAj4/OQnzZM7TKh4/s200/USC_battery_1.jpg" width="200" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Sri Narayan (above), professor of chemistry at USC</span></i></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"> As California moves toward more renewable energy, solar- and wind-power plants will need an effective way of storing large amounts of energy for use during clouding and calm days.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"> The rechargeable and eco-friendly battery uses the chemical energy generated by the oxidation of iron plates that are exposed to the oxygen in the air—a process similar to rusting.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"> Iron and Air are both available in abundance and are being used to develop batteries for a long time. The oxidation of iron produces chemical energy that is used to make eco-friendly batteries, but sadly, they suffer from a problem of inefficiency because of hydrolysis (i.e. hydrogen generation due to chemical reaction) that consumes half of the battery’s energy. Addressing the issue at hand, Dr. Sri Narayan, professor of chemistry at University of Southern California (USC), and his team has developed batteries that bring this energy loss down to mere 4 percent.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"> The solution was to remove hydrogen generation by adding very small amount of ‘bismuth sulfide’ into the battery, which in turn led to the increase in efficiency by 10 times over the previous batteries. The team, which has contributors from USC and Andrew Kindler of NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory at Caltech, is now working on storing more energy in the batteries using using lesser material. They are backed for research funds by the Advanced Research Projects Agency for Energy, an arm of the US Department of Energy.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><i> Traditionally, utilities store power by pumping water uphill into reservoirs, which can then release the water downhill to spin electricity-generating turbines as needed. This method is not always practical or even feasible in drought-ridden California, where water resources are already in high demand and open reservoirs can suffer significant losses due to evaporation, Narayan says.</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><i><br /></i></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Batteries have typically not been a viable solution for utilities. Regular sealed batteries, like the AAs in your TV remote, are not rechargeable. Lithium-ion batteries used in cell phones and laptops, which are rechargeable, are at least 10 times as expensive as iron-air batteries.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Despite his success, Narayan’s work is still ongoing. His team is working to make the battery store more energy with less material.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><i>Journal: <a href="http://jes.ecsdl.org/content/159/8/A1209.abstract?sid=4419c3ee-5dd8-409b-b62d-8bfd73e85ad3" style="text-align: left;">http://jes.ecsdl.org/content/159/8/A1209.abstract?sid=4419c3ee-5dd8-409b-b62d-8bfd73e85ad3</a></i></span></div>
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</div>sri ram rajahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02005266802784819465noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-325572863393095240.post-39610550700180596322012-07-11T05:04:00.000-07:002012-07-11T05:04:27.920-07:00Make Ethanol at home - New Technology<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-9tvVET2_oWA/T_1ogYRcaVI/AAAAAAAAAfc/VxtBbi_o9PY/s1600/mf_front_tech.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-9tvVET2_oWA/T_1ogYRcaVI/AAAAAAAAAfc/VxtBbi_o9PY/s320/mf_front_tech.jpg" width="174" /></span></a></div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"> People were making ethanol at home long before there were cars. They called it <b><i>moonshine</i></b>. With gas prices going through the roof and everyone worried about global warming , a California company is betting people will jump at the chance to use the same technology to turn sugar into fuel for less than a buck a gallon.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"> <b><i>E-Fuel Corporation</i></b> has unveiled its <a href="http://www.microfueler.com/t-technology.aspx" target="_blank"><b><i>EFuel 100 MicroFueler</i></b></a> , a device about the size of a washing machine that uses sugar, yeast and water to make 100 percent ethanol at the push of a button.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><i> "You just open it like a washing machine and dump in your sugar, close the door and push one button," A few days later, you’ve got ethanol." Said Tom Quinn, The founder of E-Fuel Corporation.</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><b><i>Is it really that easy?</i></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">According to Quinn, it is. The MicroFueler weighs about 90Kg and hooks up to a water and 110 or 220 volt power supply and wastewater drain just like a washing machine. It uses raw sugar (not the refined white stuff) and a proprietary time-release yeast mixture as feedstock. Turn on the machine and in seven days you’ve got 35 gallons of ethanol. The MicroFueler has its own pump and hose – just like the pump at your corner gas station – so you can easily fill up your car.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">"It’s so simple, anyone can make their own fuel," Quinn says. Depending upon the cost of electricity and water, he says, the MicroFueler can produce ethanol for less than <i>15 Rupees per liter</i>. Quinn likens the MicroFueler to the personal computer and says it will cause the same sort of <i>"paradigm shift."</i></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><i>"Just as the PC brought desktop computing to the home, E-Fuel will bring the filling station to the home," he says.</i></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">However, running 100 percent ethanol in your car is against the law. No problem, Quinn says. Mix it with gasoline to create <b><i>E-85</i></b> . Just put a few gallons of gas in your car, then drive home and top it off with ethanol. Quinn says running sugar-based ethanol will produce about 85 percent fewer carbon emissions than using gasoline.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">You’re all set if you’ve got a flex-fuel vehicle.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><b><i>Flex-Fuel Vehicles (FFV)</i></b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><i>Flexible fuel vehicles (FFVs) are designed to run on gasoline or a blend of up to 85% ethanol <b>(E85)</b>. Except for a few engine and fuel system modifications, they are identical to gasoline-only models. FFVs experience no loss in performance when operating on E85. However, since ethanol contains less energy per volume than gasoline, FFVs typically get about 10-15% fewer Kms per Liter when fueled with E85.</i></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><i>FFVs have been produced since the 1980s, and dozens of models are currently available. Since FFVs look just like gasoline-only models, you may be driving an FFV and not even know it.</i></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><b><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_flexible-fuel_vehicles_by_car_manufacturer" target="_blank">List of flexible-fuel vehicles by car manufacturer</a></i></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
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A small intro:
Alcohol is a bio-based renewable and oxygenated fuel, thereby providing potential to increase performance, reduce
the PM emission in diesel engines and to provide reduction in life cycle
CO2.The objective of this investigation is to first create a stable
alcohol-diesel blended fuel, and then to generate...</div>
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<span class="rmlink" style="float: right; padding-top: 20px;"><a href="http://greenpow.blogspot.in/2012/05/effect-of-isopropyl-alcohol-on-direct_08.html">read more</a>>></span><span class="rmlink" style="float: right; padding-top: 20px;"><br /></span><span class="rmlink" style="float: right; padding-top: 20px;"><br /></span><span class="rmlink" style="float: right; padding-top: 20px;"><br /></span><span class="rmlink" style="float: right; padding-top: 20px;"><br /></span><span class="rmlink" style="float: right; padding-top: 20px;"><br /></span></div>
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</div>sri ram rajahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02005266802784819465noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-325572863393095240.post-6700078400376466102012-06-23T10:22:00.000-07:002012-06-23T10:25:01.869-07:00A liter of light - DIY<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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We have lightbulbs made from glowing metal filaments, fluorescent gas, and LED diodes. And now we have one made of water. There is also a virtually unlimited supply since the "bulb" is composed of nothing more than one-liter plastic bottle, water, and bleach. The simple technology can be installed in less than an hour, lasts for five years, and is equivalent to a 60-watt bulb.<br />
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It works simply: The water diffracts the light, letting it spread throughout the house instead of focusing on one point. The bleach keeps the water clear and microbe-free.<br />
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Adapted by students from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology focused on "appropriate technologies," the solar bottle bulb is illuminating poor settlements across the Philippines, where the organization Isang Litrong Liwanag ("A Liter of Light") has already installed 10,000 of them.</div>
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The physics of the concept are straightforward: the bottles are placed in roofs – half outside, half inside – and their lower portions refract light like 60-Watt light bulb but without the need for a power source. A few drops of bleach serve to keep the water clear, clean and germ-free for years to come.<br />
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In total, one of these do-it-yourself lights takes maybe an hour to install, cutting an appropriate hole, inserting a bleached-water-filled bottle, and resealing around the resulting gap. Even where clean water is rare, a little can generally be spared for a half-decade of lighting.</div>
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Millions of poor homes in Manila--and far more around the world--are left in the dark because metal roofs block all light and there are no connections to the electrical grid in cramped informal settlements. This simple bottle bulb, installed through a sealed hole cut in the metal roofs, provides a surprising amount of light by deflecting sunlight into gloomy interiors.</div>
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<iframe width="420" height="315" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/6cSsIqMcROA" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02920899435537723720noreply@blogger.com7tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-325572863393095240.post-58366768410163485902012-06-18T23:52:00.002-07:002012-08-18T02:20:32.859-07:00Car run on human waste -AF -New technology<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The Bio-Bug has been converted by a team of British engineers to be powered by biogas, which is produced from human waste at sewage works across the country.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">They believe the car is a viable alternative to electric vehicles.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Excrement flushed down the lavatories of just 70 homes is enough to power the car for 10,000 miles - the equivalent of one average motoring year.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">This conversion technology has been used in the past but the Bio-Bug is Britain's first car to run on methane gas without its performance being reduced.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">It can power a conventional two litre VW Beetle convertible to 114mph.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">"If you were to drive the car you wouldn't know it was powered by biogas as it performs just like any conventional car. It is probably the most sustainable car around."</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The car is started using unleaded petrol but automatically switches to methane when the engine is "up to temperature"<span style="font-size: 1.4em;">.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">If the methane tank runs out the Bio-Bug reverts back to petrol.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Around 18 million cubic metres of biogas is produced from human waste every year at Wessex Water's sewage treatment works in Avonmouth, Bristol.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The gas is generated through anaerobic digestion - where bugs which are starved of oxygen break down biodegradable material to produce methane.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">However, before the gas can be used to power vehicles it must undergo "biogas upgrading" where carbon dioxide is removed to improve performance.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The Bio-Bug does 5.3 miles per cubic metre of biogas, which means that just one sewage works could power 95,400,000 miles per year saving 19,000 tonnes of CO2.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.48em;"> "This is a very exciting and forward-thinking project demonstrating the myriad benefits of anaerobic digestion.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">"Biomethane cars could be just as important as electric cars, and the water regulator Ofwat should promote the generation of as much biogas as possible through sewage works in the fight against climate change."</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The Bio-Bug emits three tonnes of carbon dioxide in an average year whilst a conventional vehicle emits 3.5 tonnes.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">However, the Bio-Bug is carbon neutral because all of its CO2 would have been released into the atmosphere anyway in the form of methane gas.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Conventional vehicles use fossil fuels, a non-renewable, finite source of energy, and the CO2 they emit would not otherwise have been released into the atmosphere.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><i><b>Related DIY Project:</b></i></span><br />
<a href="http://greenpow.blogspot.in/2012/08/power-from-cow-dung-diy-af.html" style="color: #888888; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: normal; text-align: start; text-decoration: none;"><b>Power from Cow dung - DIY - AF</b></a></div>
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We just tried to run a SI engine using 100% Bio-gas which was obtained from the Anaerobic digestion of cow dung. Cow dung gas is 55-65% methane, 30-35% carbon dioxide, with some hydrogen, nitrogen and other traces. Its heating value is around...</div>
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Arun kumarhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06897302611462106259noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-325572863393095240.post-41112709415239410062012-06-18T23:51:00.002-07:002012-06-19T01:42:51.610-07:00Wind and solar powered Electric Car -New technology<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The conventional electric car finds the difficulty of charging it after few kilometers but the</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">wind and solar powered car helps to eliminate this drawback as this car has the facility</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">to be charged on board due to wind and solar energy. Taking into account air</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">resistance, the design of the car is such that maximum aspects are taken into</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">consideration. The sun and the wind energy are utilized to charge battery and generate</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">the energy to run the car smoothly. Super capacitor helps for ripple free torque during</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">motion.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The wind and solar powered car has high efficiency and is a maintenance free car. The</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">car works on the concept of charging and discharging of the battery on board. When the</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">car runs, the motor consumes power from battery and after certain kilometers it needs</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">to be recharged. In this car power is generated from wind turbines and the solar plates</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">and are directed to the battery for the charging. The battery is recharged on board and</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">the car doesn’t need to be standby for charging.</span></div>
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</div>Arun kumarhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06897302611462106259noreply@blogger.com90tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-325572863393095240.post-49876318618658105662012-06-12T07:36:00.000-07:002012-07-02T23:38:47.602-07:00The Quest: Energy, Security, and the Remaking of the Modern World by Daniel Yergin - Books<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-OscLDd-riAY/T9dSk0QqdKI/AAAAAAAAALI/fYR09lv1YUA/s1600/OB-PS185_bkrvqu_DV_20110919140725.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-OscLDd-riAY/T9dSk0QqdKI/AAAAAAAAALI/fYR09lv1YUA/s320/OB-PS185_bkrvqu_DV_20110919140725.jpg" width="211" /></a><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-D-ioPU-qDSA/T9dSlkmI7hI/AAAAAAAAALQ/OuqMdJvpl5w/s1600/download.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="179" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-D-ioPU-qDSA/T9dSlkmI7hI/AAAAAAAAALQ/OuqMdJvpl5w/s320/download.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> The timing of Daniel Yergin's new book, The Quest: Energy, Security, and the Remaking of the Modern World, could hardly be better. With oil prices remaining high, with new sources of natural gas and oil being exploited around the world, and with demand for energy expected to reach new highs over the next several decades, Yergin sets out to explain the history, economics, and politics behind the world's continuing love affair with fossil fuels and show, too, just how hard it will be to end our dependence, given the earth's surprising, and seemingly endless, ability to enable it.</span></div>
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The breakthrough energy innovation of the 21st century is not thin-film solar, sophisticated wind turbines, advanced biofuels or small-scale nukes.<br />
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It’s shale gas.</div>
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<b>Reviews about this book.....</b></div>
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<a href="http://www.thegatesnotes.com/Books/Energy/The-Quest?WT.mc_id=5_16_2012_Quest_tw&WT.tsrc=Twitter">http://www.thegatesnotes.com/Books/Energy/The-Quest?WT.mc_id=5_16_2012_Quest</a></div>
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<a href="http://www.technologyreview.com/news/425509/peak-oil-debunked/">http://www.technologyreview.com/news/425509/peak-oil-debunked/</a> </div>
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<a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/21/books/the-quest-by-daniel-yergin-review.html">http://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/21/books/the-quest-by-daniel-yergin-review.html</a> </div>
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<a href="http://www.thegatesnotes.com/Topics/Energy/Daniel-Yergin-Replies-to-Bill-Gates-Review-of-The-Quest"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">http://www.thegatesnotes.com/Topics/Energy/Daniel-Yergin-Replies-to-Bill-Gates-Review-of-The-Quest</span></a>
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</div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02920899435537723720noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-325572863393095240.post-21719813708914682512012-05-24T09:14:00.002-07:002012-05-24T09:14:28.739-07:00Water into Hydrogen with Waste Energy using Piezoelectric crystal - New technology<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-FNrq3raGqwo/T75a1CUjdgI/AAAAAAAAAZc/Q2dGS_gpDd4/s1600/nano_Huifang_Xu_2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="151" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-FNrq3raGqwo/T75a1CUjdgI/AAAAAAAAAZc/Q2dGS_gpDd4/s200/nano_Huifang_Xu_2.jpg" width="200" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Mr.Huifang Xu</span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"> With each passing day, scientists are coming out with unique solutions to lessen our dependence on fossil fuels. They are now thinking of turning stray forms of energy such as noise or random vibrations from the environment into useful form of energy. They want to use piezoelectric effect for such purposes. Some materials produce electricity while undergoing mechanical stress. This is known as piezoelectric effect. Small </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">piezoelectric crystals can come up with enough voltage to create a spark which can be utilized to ignite gas.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"> Piezoelectric crystals act as igniters. They are helpful in many gas-powered appliances like ovens, grillers, room heaters, and hot water heaters. These piezoelectric crystals are quite tiny and can be easily fitted into lighters too. Piezoelectric crystals are also fitted into electronic clocks and watches for time alarm noise.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"> Materials scientists at the University of Wisconsin-Madison have taken the help of piezoelectric effect to harness random energy available in the atmosphere to turn water into usable hydrogen fuel. It might prove a simple, efficient method to recycle waste energy. The research team is led by Huifang Xu, who is a UW-Madison geologist and crystal specialist. They took nanocrystals of zinc oxide and barium titanate. These two nanocrystals were put in water. When these crystals received ultrasonic vibrations, the nanofibers flexed and catalyzed a chemical reaction. This whole process resulted in splitting the water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"> Huifang Xu along with his team has published their work in the Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters. They wrote in the journal, “This study provides a simple and cost-effective technology for direct water splitting that may generate hydrogen fuels by scavenging energy wastes such as noise or stray vibrations from the environment. This new discovery may have potential implications in solving the challenging energy and environmental issues that we are facing today and in the future.”</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"> Xu and his colleagues applied the piezoelectric effect to the nanocrystal fibers successfully. Xu says, “The bulk materials are brittle, but at the nanoscale they are flexible.” It is akin to the difference between fiberglass and a pane of glass.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"> It has been noted that smaller fibers exhibit more flexibility than larger crystals. Therefore smaller fibers can generate electric charges without difficulty. The project team has extracted an impressive 18 percent efficiency with the nanocrystals, higher than most experimental energy sources. Xu shares his views, “because we can tune the fiber and plate sizes, we can use even small amounts of [mechanical] noise — like a vibration or water flowing — to bend the fibers and plates. With this kind of technology, we can scavenge energy waste and convert it into useful chemical energy.” What a fantastic idea.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"> But scientists didn’t utilize this electrical energy straightaway. They use this energy in breaking the chemical bonds in water to split oxygen and hydrogen. Xu explains, “This is a new phenomenon, converting mechanical energy directly to chemical energy.” Xu calls it a piezoelectrochemical (PZEC) effect. Why it seems that scientists are beating around the bush? Because chemical energy of hydrogen fuel is more stable than the electric charge. Storage of hydrogen fuel is easy and would not lose potency over time.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"> With the right technology, Xu foresees this method to be utilized where small amount of power is needed. Now we can imagine charging a cell phone while taking our morning walk or we can enjoy cool breeze that can power street lights. Xu says, “We have limited areas to collect large energy differences, like a waterfall or a big dam. But we have lots of places with small energies. If we can harvest that energy, it would be tremendous.”</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><b>Related post :</b></span></div>
<h3 class="post-title entry-title" style="background-color: white; margin: 0.75em 0px 0px; position: relative; text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<a href="http://greenpow.blogspot.in/2012/05/hydrogen-boosting-to-ic-engines-as.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: small;">Hydrogen boosting to IC Engines as oxyhydrogen (HHO) - AF</span></a></h3>
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</div>sri ram rajahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02005266802784819465noreply@blogger.com11tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-325572863393095240.post-85550851273832729662012-05-08T10:53:00.002-07:002012-05-08T11:13:39.242-07:00Effect of Isopropyl alcohol on direct injection diesel engine - AF<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-yR9e8KxxZ3c/T6la622ThyI/AAAAAAAAAH4/qZd-dn2piOU/s1600/untitledhjjhj.bmp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="214" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-yR9e8KxxZ3c/T6la622ThyI/AAAAAAAAAH4/qZd-dn2piOU/s320/untitledhjjhj.bmp" width="320" /></a></div>
<div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><b>A small intro:</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 12.45pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span style="color: red;">Alcohol</span> is a bio-based renewable and <span style="color: red;">oxygenated fuel</span>, thereby providing potential to increase performance, reduce
the PM emission in diesel engines and to provide reduction in life cycle
CO<sub>2</sub>.The objective of this investigation is to first create a stable
alcohol-diesel blended fuel, and then to generate transient performance, and
emissions data for evaluation of different alcohol content on a diesel engine.
Isopropyl alcohol a new oxygenate is investigated in this study. A
single-cylinder, air-cooled, direct injection diesel engine developing a power
output of 5.2 kW at 1500 rev/min was used. Base data was generated with
standard diesel fuel. Subsequently four fuel blends, namely 90D: 10IPA<sup>a</sup>,
85D: 15IPA, 75D: 25IPA and 70D: 30IPA percentage by volume were prepared and
tested. Engine performance and emission data were used to optimize the blends
for reducing emission and improving performance. Results show improved
performance with blends compared to neat fuel for all conditions of the engine.
However, 75D: 25IPA blends recorded a maximum brake thermal efficiency of
36.86%. Drastic reduction in NOx was observed with slight increase in HC
emissions for the blends as compared to neat diesel.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 12.45pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 12.45pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">What
guys just confused ok , I explain it in a simple way :)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Its just mixing of Isopropyl alcohol (which
is nothing but rubbing alcohol like CD cleaner liquid) with ordinary
diesel fuel of different proportions like 10%,20%,25%,30%..<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Then its performance and emission are tested
in ordinary diesel engines...<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Hereby I gave my work
completely guys :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.6pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.6pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><b>EXPERIMENTAL SETUP</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.6pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.6pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 33.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"> Diesel with
Isopropyl alcohol blends are used in single cylinder diesel engine. The diesel
engine is operated on different blend ratios 90D: 10IPA, 85D: 15IPA, 75D:
25IPA and 70D: 30IPA respectively.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.6pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Experiments were
conducted on a, single-cylinder, water-cooled, direct injection diesel engine
developing a power output of 5.2 kW at 1500 rev/min connected with a water
cooled eddy current dynamometer. The engine was operated at a constant speed of
1500 rpm and standard injection pressure of 220 Kgf/cm2. The specification of
the engine is given in Table1. The fuel flow rate was measured on volume basis
using a burette and a stop watch. K-type thermocouple and a digital display
were employed to note the exhaust gas temperature.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.6pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">NOx emission is measured
with help of an exhaust gas analyzer. AVL smoke meter is used to measure the
smoke density. AVL five-gas analyzer is used to measure the rest of the
pollutants. A burette is used to measure the fuel consumption for a specified
time interval. During this interval of time, how much fuel the engine consumes
is measured, with the help of the stopwatch. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.6pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 61.5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 16.55pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 16.55pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 131.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="175"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.6pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Type<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: none; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 16.55pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 175.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="235"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.6pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Vertical,
Water Cooled, Four Stroke<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 16.55pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 23.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="31"></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 3.7pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 3.7pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 131.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="175"></td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 3.7pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 175.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="235"></td>
<td style="height: 3.7pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 23.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="31"></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 12.55pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 12.55pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 131.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="175"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.6pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Number
of Cylinder<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.55pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 175.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="235"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.6pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">One<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 12.55pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 23.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="31"></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 13.65pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 13.65pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 131.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="175"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.6pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Bore<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.65pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 175.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="235"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.6pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">87.5
mm<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 13.65pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 23.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="31"></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 13.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 13.75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 131.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="175"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.6pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Stroke<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 175.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="235"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.6pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">110
mm<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 13.75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 23.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="31"></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 12.45pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 12.45pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 131.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="175"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.6pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Compression
Ratio<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.45pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 175.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="235"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.6pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">17.5:1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 12.45pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 23.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="31"></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 13.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 13.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 131.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="175"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.6pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Maximum
Power<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.5pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 175.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="235"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.6pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">5.2
kW<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 13.5pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 23.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="31"></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 12.9pt; mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 12.9pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 131.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="175"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.6pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Speed<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.9pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 175.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="235"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.6pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">1500
Rev/min<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 12.9pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 23.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="31"></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 13.15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 8;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 13.15pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 131.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="175"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.6pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Dynamometer<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.15pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 175.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="235"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.6pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Eddy
Current<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 13.15pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 23.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="31"></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 11.3pt; mso-yfti-irow: 9;">
<td style="border-bottom: none; border-left: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 11.3pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 131.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="175"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 11.3pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Injection
Timing<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 11.3pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 175.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="235"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 11.3pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">23<sup>o</sup> Before
TDC<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 11.3pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 23.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="31"></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 2.1pt; mso-yfti-irow: 10;">
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 2.1pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 131.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="175"></td>
<td style="height: 2.1pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 23.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="31"></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 27.35pt; mso-yfti-irow: 11;">
<td style="border-bottom: none; border-left: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 27.35pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 131.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="175"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.6pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Injection
Pressure<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 27.35pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 175.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="235"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.6pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">220
kgf/cm2 , Direct Injection<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 27.35pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 23.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="31"></td>
</tr>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"> Specifications
of the Test Engine<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><b>EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">The engine was allowed to run with neat diesel at a various load
for nearly 10 minutes to attain the steady state constant speed conditions.
Then the following observations were made.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">1 The water flow is
started and maintained constant throughout the experiment.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">2 The load, speed and
temperature indicators were switched on.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">3 The engine was started
by cranking after ensuring that there is no load.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">4 The engine is allowed
to run at the rated speed of 1500 rev/min for a period of 10 minutes to reach
the steady state.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">5 The fuel consumption is
measured by a stop watch.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">6 Smoke readings were
measured using the Smoke meter at the exhaust outlet.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">7 The NOx emission was
measured using exhaust gas analyzer.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">8 The exhaust temperature
was measured at the indicated by using a sensor.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">9 Then the load is
applied by adjusting the knob, which is connected to the eddy current
dynamometer.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">10 Experiments were conducted using neat diesel –
ethanol, diesel, and Isopropyl alcohol the above procedure is adopted.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"> </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 17px;">Experimental setup</span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; line-height: 28px;">RESULTS AND DISCUSSION<span style="font-size: medium;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">The figure 1 shows the Specific fuel consumption for different concentration of Isopropyl alcohol. The specific fuel consumption increases with increase in brake power of the engine. Among the blends 70D:30 IPA concentration of Isopropyl alcohol shows lower specific fuel consumption than other concentrations.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Figure 1.Variation of SFC for Diesel: IPA blends at peak load.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Figure 2 shows the brake thermal efficiency for different ratio of fuel Isopropyl alcohol. The brake thermal efficiency increases with increase in brake power of the engine. Among the blend ratio 75D: 25 IPA concentration of Isopropyl alcohol shows higher than that of other blend ratio.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Figure 2.Variation of BTE for Diesel: IPA blends at peak load</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">The presence of oxygen due to the addition of Isopropyl alcohol in the diesel fuel, improve the combustion, especially diffusion combustion and hence increase the brake thermal efficiency.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Fig. 3 shows the exhaust smoke (soot) density for the neat diesel fuel and the various percentages of the IPA in its blends with diesel fuel. One can observe that the soot emitted by the 70D:30IPA fuel blends is significantly lower than that for the corresponding neat diesel fuel case, with the</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> reduction being higher the higher the percentage of in the blend. The results reveal that the tendency to generate soot from the fuel-rich regions inside diesel diffusion flame is decreased by Isopropyl alcohol in the blends.</span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Figure 4.Variation of EGT for Diesel: IPA blends at peak load<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Figure 4 gives the exhaust gas temperature with different concentration of blend ratio. The result is shown that exhaust gas increases linear with increase of brake power of the engine. It can be concluded that all the blend ratio of Isopropyl alcohol lower the exhaust gases than sole fuel.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-indent: 47px;">Figure5.Variation of NOx for Diesel: IPA blends at peak load</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Figure 5 shows NOx emission of Isopropyl alcohol concentration. It can be seen that NOx emission decreases with bled ratio than sole fuel shows max reduction of NOx emissions. Among the blend ratio 70D:30IPA concentration of Isopropyl alcohol shows lower than that of other blend ratio at peak load. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Figure6.Variation of HC for Diesel: IPA blends at peak load</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Figure 6 shows that hydrocarbon emission of blend ratio concentration. It can be seen that hydrocarbon emission increases with all the concentration of blend ratio than sole fuel. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Finally from this work i suggest 75% diesel and 25% is suitable for low emission as well as high performance..........................</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;"> </span></span></h3>
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</div>Arun kumarhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06897302611462106259noreply@blogger.com54tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-325572863393095240.post-35175975413054776742012-05-06T11:51:00.000-07:002012-05-06T12:09:07.364-07:00Hydrogen boosting to IC Engines as oxyhydrogen (HHO) - AF<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b><br class="Apple-interchange-newline" />THE THEORY BEHIND HYDROXY BOOSTING IN VEHICLES<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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Hydrogen fuel enhancement is a term used to describe the supplementation of an internal combustion engine (ICE) with hydrogen to improve fuel efficiency and power. By supplementing an engine's normal fuel with hydrogen / compressed natural gas blends (H<sub>2</sub>CNG or HCNG), the exhaust emissions of the ICE can be dramatically improved. Hydrogen injection is similar to both propane injection and nitrous oxide injection.<o:p></o:p></div>
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HCNG (or H<sub>2</sub>CNG) is a mixture of compressed natural gas and 4-9 percent hydrogen by energy. Hydrogen contents of less than 50% in the HCNG blend have leakage and flammability risks similar to those of CNG alone. With the hydrogen being part of the mixture, there are no special precautions needed to avoid hydrogen embrittlement of the materials coming in contact with the mixture. HCNG stations can be found at Hynor (<st1:country-region w:st="on">Norway</st1:country-region>) and the BC hydrogen highway in <st1:country-region w:st="on">Canada</st1:country-region>.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Automotive fuel enhancement systems inject either a hydrogen-rich mixture, or pure hydrogen into the intake manifold of the engine. In some cases, this is combined with air/fuel ratio and timing modifications. A small amount of hydrogen added to the intake air-fuel charge permits the engine to operate with leaner air-to-fuel mixture than otherwise possible. As the air/fuel mix approaches 30:1 the temperature of combustion substantially decreases effectively mitigating NOx production.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Under idle conditions power is only required for extraneous components other than the drive train, therefore fuel consumption can be minimized. A 50% reduction in gasoline consumption at idle was reported by numerically analyzing the effect of hydrogen enriched gasoline on the performance, emissions and fuel consumption of a small spark-ignition engine.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Under most loads near stoichiometric air/fuel mixtures are still required for normal acceleration, although under idle conditions, reduced loads and moderate acceleration hydrogen addition in combination with lean burn engine conditions can guarantee a regular running of the engine with many advantages in terms of emissions levels and fuel consumption.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Increases in engine efficiency are more dominant than the energy loss incurred in generating hydrogen. This is specifically with regard to use of a hydrogen reformer. Overall computational analysis has marked the possibility of operating with high air overabundance (lean or ultra-lean mixtures) without a substantial performance decrease but with great advantages on pollution emissions and fuel consumption.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Overall comparing the properties of hydrogen and gasoline, it is possible to underline the possibilities, for hydrogen fueled engines of operating with very lean (or ultra-lean) mixtures, obtaining interesting fuel economy and emissions reductions. The concept of hydrogen enriched gasoline as a fuel for internal combustion engines has a greater interest than pure hydrogen powered engines because it involves fewer modifications to the engines and their fueling systems.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Hydrogen fuel enhancement from electrolysis of water can produce fuel efficiency improvements on the order of 4% and similar modest reductions in emissions, and is currently in use in <st1:country-region w:st="on">Canada</st1:country-region><o:p></o:p></div>
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A simplified single-step combustion reaction is represented as:<o:p></o:p></div>
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[FUEL] + [HYDROGEN] + [AIR] → HC + CO + CO2 + H2O + NOx<o:p></o:p></div>
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<b>Oxyhydrogen<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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Oxyhydrogen is a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen gases, typically in a 2:1 atomic ratio; the same proportion as water. At normal temperature and pressure, oxyhydrogen can burn when it is between about 4% and 94% hydrogen by volume, with a flame temperature around 2000 C.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><a href="https://docs.google.com/open?id=0B2K2hIrbdPdncFY1UUF6OHdRODA" target="_blank"><b style="line-height: 24px;">Construction of dry type seven cell electrolyser and test with </b><span style="line-height: 24px; text-align: left;"><b>6.5hp 200cc 4-stroke Honda Engine (</b></span><b style="line-height: 24px; text-indent: 0.5in;">Click Here)</b></a></span></div>
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<b style="text-indent: 0.5in;">ELECTROLYSIS OF WATER</b></div>
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Electrolysis of water is the decomposition of water (H2O) into oxygen (O2) and hydrogen gas (H2) due to an electric current being passed through the water.<o:p></o:p></div>
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An electrical power source is connected to two electrodes, or two plates (typically made from some inert metal such as platinum or stainless steel) which are placed in the water. Hydrogen will appear at the cathode (the negatively charged electrode, where electrons enter the water), and oxygen will appear at the anode (the positively charged electrode). Assuming ideal faradaic efficiency, the amount of hydrogen generated is twice the number of moles of oxygen, and both are proportional to the total electrical charge conducted by the solution. However, in many cells competing side reactions dominate, resulting in different products and less than ideal faradaic efficiency.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Electrolysis of pure water requires excess energy in the form of over potential to overcome various activation barriers. Without the excess energy the electrolysis of pure water occurs very slowly or not at all. This is in part due to the limited self-ionization of water. Pure water has an electrical conductivity about one millionth that of seawater. Many electrolytic cells may also lack the requisite electro catalysts. The efficiency of electrolysis is increased through the addition of an electrolyte (such as a salt, an acid or a base) and the use of electro catalysts.</div>
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In pure water at the negatively charged cathode, a reduction reaction takes place, with electrons (e−) from the cathode being given to hydrogen captions to form hydrogen gas (the half reaction balanced with acid):<o:p></o:p></div>
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Reduction at cathode: 2 H+(aq) + 2e− → H2(g)<o:p></o:p></div>
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At the positively charged anode, an oxidation reaction occurs, generating oxygen gas and giving electrons to the anode to complete the circuit:<o:p></o:p></div>
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Anode (oxidation): 2 H2O(l) → O2(g) + 4 H+(aq) + 4e−<o:p></o:p></div>
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The same half reactions can also be balanced with base as listed below. Not all half reactions must be balanced with acid or base. Many do like the oxidation or reduction of water listed here. To add half reactions they must both be balanced with either acid or base.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Cathode (reduction): 2 H2O(l) + 2e− → H2(g) + 2 <st1:place w:st="on">OH-</st1:place>(aq)<o:p></o:p></div>
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Anode (oxidation): 4 <st1:place w:st="on">OH-</st1:place> (aq) → O2(g) + 2 H2O(l) + 4 e−<o:p></o:p></div>
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Combining either half reaction pair yields the same overall decomposition of water into oxygen and hydrogen:<o:p></o:p></div>
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Overall reaction: 2 H2O(l) → 2 H2(g) + O2(g)<o:p></o:p></div>
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The number of hydrogen molecules produced is thus twice the number of oxygen molecules. Assuming equal temperature and pressure for both gases, the produced hydrogen gas has therefore twice the volume of the produced oxygen gas. The number of electrons pushed through the water is twice the number of generated hydrogen molecules and four times the number of generated oxygen molecules.</div>
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<b style="text-indent: 0.5in;">THERMODYNAMICS OF THE PROCESS</b></div>
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Decomposition of pure water into hydrogen and oxygen at standard temperature and pressure is not favorable in thermodynamic terms.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Anode (oxidation): 2 H2O(l) → O2(g) + 4 H+(aq) + 4e− <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 19px;">E</span><sup><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt; line-height: 16px;">o</span></sup><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt; line-height: 16px;">ox</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 19px;"> </span></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 19px;">= -1.23 V (E</span><sup><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt; line-height: 16px;">o</span></sup><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt; line-height: 16px;">red</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 19px;"> </span></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 19px;">= 1.23 )</span> red = 1.23)<o:p></o:p></div>
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Cathode (reduction): 2 H+(aq) + 2e− → H2(g) E<sup>o</sup>red = 0.00 V<o:p></o:p></div>
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Thus, the standard potential of the water electrolysis cell is -1.23 V at 25 °C at pH 0 (H+=1.0M). It is also -1.23 V at 25 °C at pH 7 (H+ = 1.0×10−7 M) based on the Nernst Equation.<o:p></o:p></div>
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The negative voltage indicates the Gibbs free energy for electrolysis of water is greater than zero for these reactions. This can be found using the G = -nFE equation from chemical kinetics, where n is the moles of electrons and F is the Faraday constant. The reaction cannot occur without adding necessary energy, usually supplied by an external electrical power source.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">PULSE WIDTH MODULATOR</span></b></div>
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Pulse-width modulation (PWM), or pulse-duration modulation (PDM), is a commonly used technique for controlling power to inertial electrical devices, made practical by modern electronic power switches.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<b>JOURNAL PAPER REFERENCES</b></div>
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<o:p> The following list of references show the work that has been on done the properties of Hydroxy/HHO Gas and it’s application as engine combustion enhancer via on-board electrolysis systems.</o:p></div>
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<b>On-Board Hydroxy Engine Enhancement Technical Papers:</b></div>
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<a href="https://docs.google.com/open?id=0B2K2hIrbdPdnRzJiMWYyTDAwQjA" target="_blank">S. Bari and M.M. Esmaeil,“Effect of H2/O2 addition in increasing the thermal efficiency of a dieselengine”, Fuel 89:378-383 (2010).</a></div>
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<a href="https://docs.google.com/open?id=0B2K2hIrbdPdnZmRBV2o1eHlXdDQ" target="_blank">Ali Can Yilmaz, et al., “Effect of hydroxy (HHO) gasaddition on performance and exhaust emissions in compression ignited engines”,Int J Hydrogen Energy (2010), doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2010.07.040</a></div>
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Al-Rousan AA, “Reduction of fuel consumption in gasoline engines by introducing HHO gas into intake manifold”, Int J Hydrogen Energy (2010), doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2010.08.144</div>
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S. Samuel and G. McCormick, “Hydrogen Enriched Diesel Combustion”, SAE Paper, 2010012190 (2010).</div>
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R. Chiriac et al, “Effects of Gasoline-Air Enrichment with HRG Gas on Efficiency and Emissions of a SI Engine”, SAE Paper, 2006013431 (2006).</div>
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Z. Dulger and K. Ozcelik, “Fuel Economy Improvement by on Board Electrolytic Hydrogen Production”, Int J Hydrogen Energy 25:895-897 (2000).</div>
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G. Balan, “Field study of the effects of the hydrogen generating system on power, fuel economy and emissions in gasoline and diesel engines”, Proceedings of the 1999 Spring Technical Conference of the ASME Internal Combustion Engine Division, Columbus, IN, Paper No. 99-ICE-178.</div>
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Chaiwongsa P, et al. Effective Hydrogen Generator Testing for on-site small engine. PhysicsProcedia (2) (2009) 93-100.</div>
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<b>Hydroxy Gas Properties and Composition Technical Papers:</b></div>
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<a href="https://docs.google.com/open?id=0B2K2hIrbdPdnWC1uS2N5YjN4YVk" target="_blank">R. Santilli, “A new gaseous and combustible form of water”,Int J Hydrogen Energy 31:1113-1128 (2006).</a></div>
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C. Eckman, “Plasma Orbital Expansion of the Electrons in Water”, Proceedings of the 17th Annual Natural Philosophy Alliance Conference, Long Beach, CA, Vol. 6, No. 2.</div>
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H. Ymamoto, “Explanation of anomalous combustion of Brown’s Gas using Dr. Mills’ Hydrino Theory ”, SAE Paper, 1999-01-3325 (1999).</div>
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O. Hung-Kuk, “Some comments on implosion and Brown gas”, J Materials Processing Tech 95:8-9 (1999).</div>
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Y. Hacohen and E. Sher, “An internal combustion SI engine fueled with hydrogen-enriched gasoline”, <st1:country-region w:st="on">Israel</st1:country-region> Journal of Technology 25:41-54 (1989).</div>
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Park et al, “Vitrification of Municipal Solid Waste Incinerator Fly ash using Brown’s Gas”, Energy & Fuels 19:258-262 (2005).</div>
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<br class="Apple-interchange-newline" /></div>sri ram rajahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02005266802784819465noreply@blogger.com6tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-325572863393095240.post-22826239303887286302012-04-30T10:25:00.002-07:002012-04-30T10:25:26.776-07:00Solar Energy in India<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: small;"> According to the prime minister, success in developing solar energy 'will change the face of India. It would also enable India to help change the destinies of people around the world. The plan intends to go beyond government to draw upon these assets'. India's plan to build 'solar cities' evolved from the prime minister's mission to build a 'green India'. </span><br /><span style="font-size: small;"> India, where most regions enjoy nearly 300 sunny days a year, is an ideal market for solar power companies. However, the high cost of light-to-electricity conversion -- at Rs 12 to Rs 20 per kWh (kilowatt-hour) -- has acted as a deterrent so far. </span><br /><span style="font-size: small;"><b> Solar Energy </b></span><br /><span style="font-size: small;"> The whole world is greatly concerned about tremendous increase in demand of energy and consequent depletion of convention energy sources like wood, coal oil etc. "At the present rate of energy consumption, the reserve of fossil fuels of the entire world can be exhausted in 50 to 100 years," said Dr. M. N. Nahar, principal scientist of the Division of Agriculture and Energy at the Central Arid Zone Research Institute (CAZRI). "There is an urgent need to harness solar energy and other alternative energy sources." </span><br /><span style="font-size: small;">Unlike natural gas, coal, or nuclear power, solar power requires no fuel, works without polluting the air or leaving behind dangerous radioactive waste, and is extremely plentiful. Researchers estimate that the sun produces enough energy in a single second to meet the needs of all humanity for 2000 years. "The surface of the Earth receives an amount of solar energy equivalent to roughly 10,000 times the world energy demand," wrote Erik Lysen in the January 2003 issue of Renewable Energy World magazine. </span><br /><span style="font-size: small;"> India receives about 300 clear sunny days in a year. This is equal to over 5,000 trillion kWh/year, which is far more than the total energy consumption of the country in a year The daily average solar energy incident over India varies from 4-7 kWh/m2, depending upon location.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Solar Photo Voltaic systems </b></span><br /><span style="font-size: small;"> Solar Photo Voltaic systems have found applications in households, agriculture, telecommunications, defense, and railways among others. In the last two decades, the cost of PV has gone down by more than 10 times, increasing accessibility for dispersed rural applications. Costs are expected to reduce further thus creating more potential About 62 MW aggregate capacity (about 10,50,000 individual PV systems and power plants) have been installed for various applications. In addition, PV products of 48 MW capacity have been exported. </span><br /><span style="font-size: small;"> Under MNES's PV programme, around 8.20 lakh systems have been installed - aggregating to about 29 MW. This includes 509,894 solar lanterns, 2,56,673 home lighting systems, 47,969 street lighting systems, and 5,000 water pumping systems. About 3.97 MWp of aggregate capacity of stand-alone and grid interactive PV power plants have been installed as on March 31, 2003. These include State's own programmes also MNES is implementing two major schemes for the deployment of stand-alone PV systems in the country: </span><br /><span style="font-size: small;">Lighting systems, stand-alone power plants and other specialized systems, implemented mainly through SNAs/departments/corporations, Aditya solar shops operated by Manufacturers Associations and NGOs. </span><br /><span style="font-size: small;">Water-pumping systems for agriculture and related uses, implemented through IREDA and SNAs West Bengal, Rajasthan, hilly regions of Uttar Pradesh, Ladakh, Lakshadweep, Andaman and Nicobar Islands are prominent regions where SPV home lighting systems and power plants are in demand. About 3600 remote villages and hamlets have been electrified with SPV systems and power plants. Out of these 800 remote villages have been electrified during 2001-02 and 2002-03. Eleven power plants of 250 kWp aggregate capacity have been installed in Sagar Islands in West Bengal Aims and Targets. A wide range of power technologies exist which can make use of the solar energy reaching Earth. </span><br /><span style="font-size: small;"> <b> Indian government planning to develop solar cities</b></span><br /><span style="font-size: small;"> Indian government announced recently that it was planning to develop solar cities to reduce about 10 per cent usage of conventional energy sources through renewable energy installations and energy efficiency. </span><br /><span style="font-size: small;">During the 11th Plan period, a total of 60 cities are proposed to be developed as solar cities, based on a model already practised in New York in the United States, Tokyo in Japan, and London in Britain. India too targets a 10 to 20 per cent carbon emission reduction in the next 10 to 20 years. </span><br /><span style="font-size: small;"> Under the government's solar city scheme, each of the 60 urban local governments would be provided a total of Rs 50 lakh (Rs 5 million) assistance of which Rs 10 lakh (Rs 1 million) would be for preparation of a master plan, Rs 10 lakh (Rs 1 million) for setting up a solar cell in the city council, Rs 10 lakh (Rs 1 million) for implementation of the plan over five years and the remaining Rs 20 lakh (Rs 2 million) for other promotional activities. A target of 50 MW has been set for solar power generation during the 11th Plan, which is likely to be achieved. India receives solar energy equivalent to over 5,000 trillion kilowatt hour per year.</span><br /><span style="font-size: small;"> Solar energy systems, including street lights, garden lights, traffic lights, hoardings and solar water heaters will be installed in the city. Energy efficient 'green buildings' will be promoted on a large scale.</span><br /><span style="font-size: small;"> <b> Method of energy transformation</b></span><br /><span style="font-size: small;"> A photovoltaic cell produces electricity directly from solar energy. Direct solar power involves only one transformation into a usable form. For example: Sunlight hits a photovoltaic cell (also called a photoelectric cell) creating electricity.</span><br /><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Hydroelectric power stations produce indirect solar power</b>. The Itaipu Dam, Brazil /Paraguay Vegetation uses photosynthesis to convert solar energy to chemical energy, which can later be burned as fuel to generate electricity. Methane (natural gas) and hydrogen may be derived from the biofuel. Hydroelectric dams and wind turbines are powered by solar energy through its interaction with the Earth's atmosphere and the resulting weather phenomena. Ocean thermal energy production uses the thermal gradients that are present across ocean depths to generate power. These temperature differences are ultimately due to the energy of the sun. </span><br /><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Solar technologies:</b> Most solar energy used today is harnessed as heat or electricity. Solar design is the use of architectural features to replace the use of grid electricity and fossil fuels with the use of solar energy and decrease the energy needed in a home or building with insulation and efficient lighting and appliances.</span><br /><span style="font-size: small;">Insulating shutters for windows to be closed at night and on overcast days. These trap solar heat in the building. Fixed awnings positioned to create shade in the summer and exposure to the sun in the winter. </span><br /><span style="font-size: small;">Movable awnings to be repositioned seasonally. A well insulated and sealed building envelope. Active thermal solar panels using a heat transfer fluid (water or antifreeze solution). These are heated by the sun and the heat is carried away by circulation of the fluid for domestic hot water or building heating or other uses. </span><br /><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Solar heating systems: </b>Solar heating systems are generally composed of solar thermal collectors, a fluid system to move the heat from the collector to its point of usage, and a reservoir to stock the heat for subsequent use. The systems may be used to heat domestic hot water or a swimming pool, or to provide heat</span><br /><span style="font-size: small;">for a heating circuit . The heat can also be used for industrial applications or as an energy input for other uses such as cooling equipment.</span><br /><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Solar thermal cooling: </b>There are some new applications of thermal hot water, such as air cooling, currently under development. The absorber machine works like a refrigerator. It uses hot water to compress a gas that, once expanded, will produce an endothermic reaction, which cools the air.</span><br /><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) Plants:</b> A concentrating solar power plant, Parabolic trough power plants are the most successful and cost-effective CSP system design at present.</span><br /><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Solar chimney:</b> A solar chimney is a relatively low tech solar thermal power plant where air passes under a very large agricultural glass house (between 2 and 30 km in diameter), is heated by the sun and channeled upwards towards a convection tower. It then rises naturally and is used to drive turbines, which generate electricity.</span><br /><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Energy Tower:</b> An Energy tower is an alternative proposal for the solar chimney. The "Energy Tower" is driven by spraying water at the top of the tower; evaporation of water causes a downdraft by cooling the air thereby increasing its density, driving wind turbines at the bottom of the tower. It requires a hot arid climate and large quantities of water, but it does not require a large glass house.</span><br /><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Solar pond: </b>A solar pond is a relatively low-tech, low cost approach to harvesting solar energy. The principle is to fill a pond with 3 layers of water. </span><br /><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Solar chemical:</b> Solar chemical refers to a number of possible processes that harness solar energy by absorbing sunlight in a chemical reaction in a way similar to photosynthesis in plants but without using living organisms. No practical process has yet emerged. </span><br /><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Solar cooking: </b>A solar box cooker traps the Sun's power in an insulated box; these have been successfully used for cooking, pasteurization and fruit canning. Solar cooking is helping many developing countries, both reducing the demands for local firewood and maintaining a cleaner environment for the cooks. The first known western solar oven is attributed to Horace de Saussure.</span><br /><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Solar lighting:</b> The interior of a building can be lit during daylight hours using fibre optic light pipes connected to a parabolic collector mounted on the roof. The manufacturer claims this gives a more natural interior light and can be used to reduce the energy demands of electric lighting.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>source :http://www.gits4u.com/renew & http://eai.in/blog/2009/07/cost-of-solar-power-in-india-over-rs-15.html</i></span></div>
</div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02920899435537723720noreply@blogger.com11tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-325572863393095240.post-67834153702887615912012-04-29T23:19:00.003-07:002012-04-29T23:19:30.664-07:00Micro-hydro generator - DIY<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b id="internal-source-marker_0.30123178637586534" style="color: black; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 19px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span></b></div>
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<b id="internal-source-marker_0.30123178637586534" style="color: black; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Micro hydro power was once the world’s prominent source of mechanical power for manufacturing. Micro hydro is making a comeback for electricity generation in homes. Increasing numbers of small hydro systems are being installed in remote sites in North America. There’s also a growing market for micro hydro electricity in developing countries. This article is a technical over-view.</span></b></div>
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<b id="internal-source-marker_0.30123178637586534" style="color: black; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><img height="75px;" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/OzGX5pgOFS2PToihEKuxvvaznGApyLWM1J5OmfxpKGzbremdD4a34xJSjkp1xk1ryoCkYgpckTzjLE9tSQK4gu67qjY7nOwriAAKEI7hltFjo2oKpgk" width="75px;" /><img height="50px;" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/Q2RHPn2xDM2HVhOGDn8ycOIBQtR7ce5EeV29rvGvVRYpetcF-p75M45t8Kb2LXsM56u-rXU-lKBd5KZGD7uepy89dig48alwDbLgF4SJsTjWwgI9GdE" width="50px;" /><img height="75px;" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/JUFyJY28DT4AZTgBq1DVYRFqk19cbhzo32S-scmwUz3T6SRgDhnyPvaPiAuIctdWXo7VxozMKJLKZrBu6mxq08bWQEziHpXAB-3p3NM7XJV1ntuJSwk" width="75px;" /> </b><b id="internal-source-marker_0.30123178637586534" style="color: black; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><img height="50px;" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/Q2RHPn2xDM2HVhOGDn8ycOIBQtR7ce5EeV29rvGvVRYpetcF-p75M45t8Kb2LXsM56u-rXU-lKBd5KZGD7uepy89dig48alwDbLgF4SJsTjWwgI9GdE" width="50px;" /></b><b id="internal-source-marker_0.30123178637586534" style="color: black; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><img height="75px;" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/p6pD0pF7-0oDvr5YYvYWlCUmLcOweKTiWyonmk3SqDzeqbjYYMXEZMfH2nXTnSywDTh-ZzJmToIDAoPxqRKUGznUjB8XNGWA6MY5bhaX4y-novLU6oY" width="75px;" /></b></div>
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<b id="internal-source-marker_0.30123178637586534" style="color: black; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Micro hydro power is gradually assuming the decentralized form it once had. Water power predates the use of electricity. At one time hydro power was employed on many sites in Europe and North America. It was primarily used to grind grain where water had a vertical drop of more than a few feet and sufficient flow. Less common, but of no less importance, was the use of hydro to provide shaft power for textile plants, sawmills and other manufacturing operations. <br class="kix-line-break" /><br class="kix-line-break" />Over time thousands of small mills were replaced by centrally-generated electric power. Many major hydroelectric projects were developed using large dams, generating several megaWatts of power. In many areas, hydro electric power is still used on a small scale and is arguably the most cost-effective form of energy. <br class="kix-line-break" /><br class="kix-line-break" />Renewable energy sources such as wind and solar are being scaled up from residential to electric utility size. In contrast, hydro power is being scaled down to residential size. The small machines are similar in most ways to the large ones except for their scale. <br class="kix-line-break" /><br class="kix-line-break" />Siting a hydro system is much more site-specific than a wind or photovoltaic (PV — solar electric) system. A sufficient quantity of falling water must be available. The vertical distance the water falls is called head and is usually measured in feet, meters, or units of pressure. The quantity of water is called flow and is measured in gallons per minute (gpm), cubic feet per second (cfs), or liters per second (l/s). More head is usually better because the system uses less water and the equipment can be smaller. The turbine also runs at a higher speed. At very high heads, pipe pressure ratings and pipe joint integrity become problematic. Since power is the product of head and flow, more flow is required at lower head to generate the same power level. More flow is better, even if not all of it is used, since more water can remain in the stream for environmental benefits. <br class="kix-line-break" /><br class="kix-line-break" />A simple equation estimates output power for a system with 53% efficiency, which is representative of most micro hydro systems: </span></b></div>
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<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: dotted; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: dotted; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: dotted; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 3px; padding-left: 3px; padding-right: 3px; padding-top: 3px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Net Head* (feet) x Flow (US gpm) / 10 = Output (Watts)</span></td></tr>
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<b id="internal-source-marker_0.30123178637586534" style="color: black; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><br /><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" />* Net head is the pressure available after subtracting losses from pipe friction. Most hydro systems are limited in output capacity by stream conditions. That is, they cannot be expanded indefinitely like a wind or PV system. This means that the sizing procedure may be based on site conditions rather than power needs. The size and/or type of system components may vary greatly from site to site. System capacity may be dictated by specific circumstances (e.g. water dries up in the summer). If insufficient potential is available to generate the power necessary to operate the average load, you must use appliances that are more energy-efficient and/or add other forms of generation equipment to the system. Hybrid wind/PV/hydro systems are very successful and the energy sources complement each other. <br class="kix-line-break" /><br class="kix-line-break" />The systems described here are called "run of river"; i.e. water not stored behind a dam. Only an impoundment of sufficient size to direct the water into the pipeline is required. Power is generated at a constant rate and if not used, it is stored in batteries or sent to a shunt load. Therefore, there is little environmental impact since minimal water is used. There is also much less regulatory complication. <br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 17px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">System Types<br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">If electric heating loads are excluded, 300-400 Watts of continuous output can power a typical North American house. This includes a refrigerator/freezer, washing machine, lights, entertainment and communication equipment, all of standard efficiency. With energy-efficient appliances and lights and careful use management, it is possible to reduce the average demand to about 200 Watts continuous. <br class="kix-line-break" /><br class="kix-line-break" />Power can be supplied by a micro hydro system in two ways. In a battery-based system, power is generated at a level equal to the average demand and stored in batteries. Batteries can supply power as needed at levels much higher than that generated and during times of low demand the excess can be stored. If enough energy is available from the water, an AC-direct system can generate power as alternating current (AC). This system typically requires a much higher power level than the battery-based system. <br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 17px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Battery-Based Systems<br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Most home power systems are battery-based. They require far less water than AC systems and are usually less expensive. Because the energy is stored in batteries, the generator can be shut down for servicing without interrupting the power delivered to the loads. Since only the average load needs to be generated in this type of system, the pipeline, turbine, generator and other components can be much smaller than those in an AC system. </span><br /><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">===============================</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Power = The rate of doing work<br class="kix-line-break" />(IE Watts or horsepower)<br class="kix-line-break" /><br class="kix-line-break" />1 Watt = 1 Volt X 1 Ampere<br class="kix-line-break" /><br class="kix-line-break" />1 Horsepower = 746 Watts<br class="kix-line-break" /><br class="kix-line-break" />1000 Watts consumed = 1 kiloWatt-Hour<br class="kix-line-break" />(IE the unit found on utility bills)</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" />=============================== </span><br /><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Very reliable inverters are available to convert DC battery power into AC output (120 volt, 60 Hz). These are used to power most or all home appliances. This makes it possible to have a system that is nearly indistinguishable from a house using utility power. <br class="kix-line-break" /><br class="kix-line-break" />The input voltage to the batteries in a battery-based system commonly ranges from 12 to 48 Volts DC. If the transmission distance is not great then 12 Volts is often high enough. A 24 Volt system is used if the power level or transmission distance is greater. If all of the loads are inverter-powered the battery voltage is independent of the inverter output voltage and voltages of 48 or 120 may be used to overcome long transmission distances. Although batteries and inverters can be specified for these voltages, it is common to convert the high voltage back down to 12 or 24 Volts (battery voltage) using transformers or solid state converters. <br class="kix-line-break" /><br class="kix-line-break" />Wind or solar power sources can assist in power production because batteries are used. Also, DC loads (appliances or lights designed for DC) can be operated directly from the batteries. DC versions of many appliances are available, although they often cost more and are harder to find, and in some cases, quality and performance vary. <br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 17px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">AC-Direct Systems<br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">This is the system type used by utilities. It can also be used on a home power scale under the right conditions. In an AC system, there is no battery storage. This means that the generator must be capable of supplying the instantaneous demand, including the peak load. The most difficult load is the short-duration power surge drawn by an induction motor found in refrigerators, freezers, washing machines, some power tools and other appliances. Even though the running load of an induction motor may be only a few hundred Watts, the starting load may be 3 to 7 times this level or several kiloWatts. Since other appliances may also be operating at the same time, a minimum power level of 2 to 3 kiloWatts may be required for an AC system, depending on the nature of the loads. <br class="kix-line-break" /><br class="kix-line-break" />In a typical AC system, an electronic controller keeps voltage and frequency within certain limits. The hydro’s output is monitored and any unused power is transferred to a "shunt" load, such as a hot water heater. The controller acts like an automatic dimmer switch that monitors the generator output frequency cycle by cycle and diverts power to the shunt load(s) in order to maintain a constant speed or load balance on the generator. There is almost always enough excess power from this type of system to heat domestic hot water and provide some, if not all, of a home’s space heating. <br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 17px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">System Components<br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">An intake collects the water and a pipeline delivers it to the turbine. The turbine converts the water’s energy into mechanical shaft power. The turbine drives the generator which converts shaft power into electricity. In an AC system, this power goes directly to the loads. In a battery-based system, the power is stored in batteries, which feed the loads as needed. Controllers may be required to regulate the system. <br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 17px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Pipeline<br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Most hydro systems require a pipeline to feed water to the turbine. The exception is a propeller machine with an open intake. The water should pass first through a simple filter to block debris that may clog or damage the machine. The intake should be placed off to the side of the main water flow to protect it from the direct force of the water and debris during high flows.It is important to use a pipeline of sufficiently large diameter to minimize friction losses from the moving water. When possible, the pipeline should be buried. This stabilizes the pipe and prevents critters from chewing it. Pipelines are usually made from PVC or polyethylene although metal or concrete pipes can also be used.</span></b></div>
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<b id="internal-source-marker_0.30123178637586534" style="color: black; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><img height="75px;" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/CEF1vp_R94kmfRj4DVlQPfYuinB1USvN3KbEllLHiyzquVqTgaFkhCZPYgcCz_tEYNj0SYcCJPsy8_AIUCgAAfID1wq_z6b1EfH0NNok0PPtIchyoEs" width="75px;" /> <img height="75px;" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/7tMSl0mXI23uMPwD4o_m1SsuNkEADTl3yN8NECPKuGLUTc-4odFYqE67M0YTR21ehqZUXwOSYLf5vZYEZdg4uRZ1DH2CxRkq9KNO24NUND_Emx2uMVI" width="75px;" /> <img height="75px;" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/7oICyIIG3oqDjXtVcxX7RlhX75BCll7oBkfjUqQ-3_GhjXNrZseWbSJJTKjLCpq0qRSH27HaM-X7LzV69YwTx4P2G260kNr01E2nYB47pG_tZc8c5bs" width="75px;" /><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></b></div>
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<b id="internal-source-marker_0.30123178637586534" style="color: black; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">mpulse Runner Francis Runner Turgo Runner</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></b><br /><b id="internal-source-marker_0.30123178637586534" style="color: black; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 17px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" />Turbines<br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Although traditional waterwheels of various types have been used for centuries, they aren’t usually suitable for generating electricity. They are heavy, large and turn at low speeds. They require complex gearing to reach speeds to run an electric generator. They also have icing problems in cold climates. Water turbines rotate at higher speeds, are lighter and more compact. Turbines are more appropriate for electricity generation and are usually more efficient. <br class="kix-line-break" /><br class="kix-line-break" />There are two basic kinds of turbines: impulse and reaction. <br class="kix-line-break" /><br class="kix-line-break" />Impulse machines use a nozzle at the end of the pipeline that converts the water under pressure into a fast-moving jet. This jet is then directed at the turbine wheel (also called the runner), which is designed to convert as much of the jet’s kinetic energy as possible into shaft Common impulse turbines are pelton, turgo and cross-flow. <br class="kix-line-break" /><br class="kix-line-break" />In reaction turbines the energy of the water is converted from pressure to velocity within the guide vanes and the turbine wheel itself. Some lawn sprinklers are reaction turbines. They spin themselves around as a reaction to the action of the water squirting from the nozzles in the arms of the rotor. Examples of reaction turbines are propeller and Francis turbines. <br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 17px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Turbine Applications<br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">In the family of impulse machines, the pelton is used for the lowest flows and highest heads. The cross-flow is used where flows are highest and heads are lowest. The turgo is used for intermediate conditions. Propeller (reaction) turbines can operate on as little as two feet of head. A turgo requires at least four feet and a pelton needs at least ten feet. These are only rough guidelines with overlap in applications. <br class="kix-line-break" /><br class="kix-line-break" />The cross-flow (impulse) turbine is the only machine that readily lends itself to user construction. They can be made in modular widths and variable nozzles can be used. <br class="kix-line-break" /><br class="kix-line-break" />Most developed sites now use impulse turbines. These turbines are very simple and relatively cheap. As the stream flow varies, water flow to the turbine can be easily controlled by changing nozzle sizes or by using adjustable nozzles. In contrast, most small reaction turbines cannot be adjusted to accommodate variable water flow. Those that are adjustable are very expensive because of the movable guide vanes and blades they require. If sufficient water is not available for full operation of a reaction machine, performance suffers greatly. <br class="kix-line-break" /><br class="kix-line-break" />An advantage of reaction machines is that they can use the full head available at a site. An impulse turbine must be mounted above the tailwater level and the effective head is measured down to the nozzle level. For the reaction turbine, the full available head is measured between the two water levels while the turbine can be mounted well above the level of the exiting water. This is possible because the "draft-tube" used with the machine recovers some of the pressure head after the water exits the turbine. This cone-shaped tube converts the velocity of the flowing water into pressure as it is decelerated by the draft tube’s increasing cross section. This creates suction on the underside of the runner.</span></b></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img height="150px;" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/gxqvdVf04Oq_NErxpYSaB8fhPC6haVKMIJKPN45jGdvrwXL85hFpFarAqp9aiJhrg1UxiVuIZyaKCE_NcirCGDm6iEz42I4BiZ6gY599oGNGOyZW924" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="150px;" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b id="internal-source-marker_0.30123178637586534" style="color: black; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Crossflow Turbine </span></b></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img height="150px;" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/WujY0MUlXRoOMNOmn8Gtf8oWZyhrPmMzBKHZcaIci3NAOArnxD39ujGrfPzm4u6ZNkh5l_KksQNg_LIYGDpadCxt_L0talCh7-jrXq-DKU-w67M4HJQ" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="150px;" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b id="internal-source-marker_0.30123178637586534" style="color: black; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Propeller Turbine</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></b></td></tr>
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<b id="internal-source-marker_0.30123178637586534" style="color: black; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span><br /><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /> </span></b></div>
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<b id="internal-source-marker_0.30123178637586534" style="color: black; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Centrifugal pumps are sometimes used as practical substitutes for reaction turbines with good results. They can have high efficiency and are readily available (both new and used) at prices much lower than actual reaction turbines. However, it may be difficult to select the correct pump because data on its performance as a turbine are usually not available or are not straightforward. <br class="kix-line-break" /><br class="kix-line-break" />One reason more reaction turbines are not in use is the lack of available machines in small sizes. There are many potential sites with 2 to 10 feet of head and high flow that are not served by the market. <br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 17px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Generators<br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Most battery-based systems use an automotive alternator. If selected carefully, and rewound when appropriate, the alternator can achieve very good performance. A rheostat can be installed in the field circuit to maximize the output. Rewound alternators can be used even in the 100–200 Volt range. <br class="kix-line-break" /><br class="kix-line-break" />For higher voltages (100–400 Volts), an induction motor with the appropriate capacitance for excitation can be used as a generator. This will operate in a small battery charging system as well as in larger AC direct systems of several kiloWatts. <br class="kix-line-break" /><br class="kix-line-break" />Another type of generator used with micro hydro systems is the DC motor. Usually permanent magnet types are preferable. However, these have serious maintenance problems because the entire output passes through their carbon commutators and brushes. <br class="kix-line-break" /><br class="kix-line-break" />Batteries Lead-acid deep-cycle batteries are usually used in hydro systems. Deep-cycle batteries are designed to withstand repeated charge and discharge cycles typical in RE systems. In contrast, automotive (starting) batteries can tolerate only a fraction of these discharge cycles. A micro hydro system requires only one to two days storage. In contrast, PV or wind systems may require many days’ storage capacity because the sun or wind may be unavailable for extended periods. Because the batteries in a hydro system rarely remain in a discharged state, they have a much longer life than those in other RE systems. Ideally, lead-acid batteries should not be discharged more than about half of their capacity. Alkaline batteries, such as nickel-iron and nickel-cadmium, can withstand complete discharge with no ill effects. <br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 17px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Controllers<br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Hydro systems with lead-acid batteries require protection from overcharge and over-discharge. Overcharge controllers redirect the power to an auxiliary or shunt load when the battery voltage reaches a certain level. This protects the generator from overspeed and overvoltage conditions. Overdischarge control involves disconnecting the load from the batteries when voltage falls below a certain level. Many inverters have this low-voltage shutoff capability. <br class="kix-line-break" /><br class="kix-line-break" />An ammeter in the hydro output circuit measures the current. A voltmeter reading battery voltage roughly indicates the state of charge. More sophisticated instruments are available, including amp-hour meters, which indicate charge level more accurately. <br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 17px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Conclusions<br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Despite the careful design needed to produce the best performance, a micro hydro system isn’t complicated. The system is not difficult to operate and maintain. Its lifespan is measured in decades. Micro hydro power is almost always more cost-effective than any other form of renewable power. </span></b></div>
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</div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02920899435537723720noreply@blogger.com34tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-325572863393095240.post-70221669973740901092012-04-29T11:24:00.000-07:002012-04-29T11:24:04.942-07:00Multi stage wind turbine - DIY<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<b id="internal-source-marker_0.17291175900027156" style="text-align: -webkit-auto;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">CONSTRUCTION DETAILS OF EACH STAGE</span></span></b><br />
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<b id="internal-source-marker_0.17291175900027156" style="text-align: -webkit-auto;"><span style="font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>It includes construction of one conical lift device three leaf blade horizontal axis wind rotors. These are explained below,</span></span></b></div>
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<b id="internal-source-marker_0.17291175900027156" style="text-align: -webkit-auto;"><span style="font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Construction of conical lift device:</span></span></b></div>
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<b id="internal-source-marker_0.17291175900027156" style="text-align: -webkit-auto;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">At first sheet metal strips are fastened over the surface of hollow cone element using rivet. Then the hub which holds the device at the beginning of the shaft is inserted into the inner side of the device. The metal plates are used to connect the hub with conical lift device. </span></span></b></div>
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<b id="internal-source-marker_0.17291175900027156" style="text-align: -webkit-auto;"><span style="font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Table: Specification of conical lift device</span></span></b></div>
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<table style="border-bottom-style: none; border-collapse: collapse; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial;"><colgroup><col width="186"></col><col width="174"></col></colgroup><tbody>
<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: dotted; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: dotted; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: dotted; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Length</span></span></td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: dotted; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: dotted; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: dotted; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span></span></td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: dotted; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: dotted; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: dotted; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Larger diameter</span></span></td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: dotted; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: dotted; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: dotted; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">155</span></span></div>
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<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: dotted; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: dotted; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: dotted; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Smaller diameter</span></span></td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: dotted; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: dotted; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: dotted; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">15</span></span></div>
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<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: dotted; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: dotted; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: dotted; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Metal blade thickness</span></span></td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: dotted; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: dotted; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: dotted; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">0.2</span></span></div>
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<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: dotted; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: dotted; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: dotted; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Tapper of blades</span></span></td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: dotted; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: dotted; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: dotted; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">(1-3”)</span></span></div>
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<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: dotted; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: dotted; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: dotted; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">No of blades</span></span></td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: dotted; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: dotted; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: dotted; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">10</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Construction of wind blades from PVC pipes and hub:</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">At first take PVC with particular length depending upon the diameter of the pipe. The length of pipe will be 5 times of its diameter (for example 8” pipe length must be 40”). </span><span style="font-size: 15px; font-weight: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The conical lift device hub is coupled with the shaft through the hub’s bush. The beginning 30cm of the 2.1m shaft are occupied by the conical device.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size: 15px; font-weight: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span><br /><span style="font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Fig PVC pipe cuttings</span><img height="176px;" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/H8GyV0ZEvHqJBclZh77pyPbRAVSdMSkW3rB-ezCw-3krE6rIRdxuxILe1MZECk15eC2bFZJw9d73XTIEmjOZO7hnuNmVi_XUhe2IjKt9rE0qNEMEsjI" width="292px;" /></span><div dir="ltr" style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Divide the pipe into 6 equal parts by the angle 60 deg longitudinally. Then cut these rectangle shaped pieces into tapered blade shape.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span><br /><span style="font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Fig : Angle of cutting</span><img height="152px;" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/KxXAzM925oEgjC6Z4gn_XjNs6KNJ9rGmIT1GHdmh7l2HnRN8d76AixlVMfHXFlcJvNfGKB9XNW0thiK0Ej4cPIybFeqnvrWE4O8wkjYCdMiOGwmD9xc" width="360px;" /><br /><span style="font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span></span><div dir="ltr" style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt;">
<span style="font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Remove the excess materials from the blades by cutting the materials from the PVC to form a perfect blade. The edges of the blades are machined to form a shape of aerofoil. </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Fig : Hub </span><img height="136px;" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/u72MOH2xPuKqbMGK6rAo5whzmSBvtSMDbrYhbp2QgfHtNIjK_z5xk0vnR20-SjKOUOZwGk6ynSf_P2wHEUxkmETFjg7a9abUqoQ3lichQDs7fMq26qQ" width="306px;" /></span><div dir="ltr" style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-indent: 18pt;">
<span style="font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Then make two holes to fastening the blades with respective hubs.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span><br /><span style="font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span><br /><span style="font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span><br /><span style="font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Fig : Final shape of blade</span><img height="154px;" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/rIKC4wQuUjIAIlbX5s9GBIzwyE10eUKG407ZXwhzdoD1AhksKWV1uxBHRhhvfoSqrMSlpgGS0e8uNuousQ6wE_8YMCRgDKskgt601p33ZikpUz1ZLqo" width="537px;" /><br /><span style="font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span><br /><span style="font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span><br /><span style="font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span></span><div dir="ltr" style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 18pt;">
<span style="font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"> Construction details of leaf blade rotors.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"> First stage:</span></span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> The specifications of the last three stages are explained below in table. The blades are first fastened with extension plate for the purpose of increasing the rotor diameter and also make the blades to receive the fresh wind.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size: 15px; font-weight: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Fig : Fixing of blades with hub</span><img height="149px;" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/pVdgOM2dfHpWmh-FrArRf2rce2RhuZxUQqT6WeqqNcOV0volAQh9vVT51LMdZ0n8wClnQEuc95qDuXOrsLXUyyx-ezK4C7aQWWz36zptRfrPy0sEEUQ" width="205px;" /><br /><span style="font-size: 15px; font-weight: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span><img height="165px;" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/gSyZeFYtey-7j90D-YGCxChpZgBRSG_w5tnfImmzIJdbn4x84yPELBLRXg5tyCq0BvvM4ffO6NnvwmEBREG7OLCIs4DwMiAlVn7052T5Bq93NwBC5wE" width="302px;" /><br /><span style="font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Fig : First stage rotor</span><br /><span style="font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span><br /><span style="font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Table : First stage specifications</span><br /><span style="font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span></span><div dir="ltr" style="font-weight: bold;">
<table style="border-bottom-style: none; border-collapse: collapse; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial;"><colgroup><col width="222"></col><col width="210"></col></colgroup><tbody>
<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: dotted; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: dotted; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: dotted; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">No of blades</span></span></td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: dotted; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: dotted; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: dotted; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">6</span></span></td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: dotted; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: dotted; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: dotted; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Length of extending plate</span></span></td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: dotted; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: dotted; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: dotted; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">0.03m</span></span></td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: dotted; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: dotted; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: dotted; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Length of blade</span></span></td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: dotted; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: dotted; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: dotted; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">0.67m</span></span></td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: dotted; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: dotted; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: dotted; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Diameter of hub</span></span></td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: dotted; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: dotted; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: dotted; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">0.16m</span></span></td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: dotted; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: dotted; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: dotted; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Distance from beginning stage</span></span></td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: dotted; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: dotted; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: dotted; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">0.20m</span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"><br /></span><div dir="ltr" style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-indent: 18pt;">
<span style="font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"> Second stage:</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span><br /><span style="font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The second stage preparation is same as that of the first stage. The only differences between these two stages are by its length of blade. The second stage rotor blades are from 6” pipe.</span><br /><span style="font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Fig : Second stage rotor</span><img height="194" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/IHkE4cA5LbKifW8XmnVRDjsKkgKBVcGlCOLPjmsQMShkDcU1WskbbehrIV93dhdIPGPF3TgCdHnTMkfSx0_CpuNaUFypIakxwQermarcJzcbeugDDsw" width="320" /><br /><span style="font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span><br /><span style="font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span><br /><span style="font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Table : Second stage specification</span><br /><span style="font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span><br /><span style="font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span></span><div dir="ltr" style="font-weight: bold;">
<table style="border-bottom-style: none; border-collapse: collapse; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial;"><colgroup><col width="222"></col><col width="210"></col></colgroup><tbody>
<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: dotted; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: dotted; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: dotted; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">No of blades</span></span></td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: dotted; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: dotted; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: dotted; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">6</span></span></td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: dotted; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: dotted; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: dotted; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Length of extending plate</span></span></td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: dotted; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: dotted; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: dotted; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">0.035m</span></span></td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: dotted; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: dotted; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: dotted; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Length of blade</span></span></td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: dotted; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: dotted; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: dotted; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">0.100m</span></span></td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: dotted; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: dotted; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: dotted; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Diameter of hub</span></span></td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: dotted; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: dotted; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: dotted; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">0.20m</span></span></td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: dotted; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: dotted; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: dotted; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Distance from beginning stage</span></span></td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: dotted; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: dotted; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: dotted; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">0.75m</span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"><br /></span><div dir="ltr" style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-indent: 18pt;">
<span style="font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"> Third stage:</span></span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-indent: 18pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The third stage contains 12 blades each blade is made from 8” PVC pipe. The construction of the third stage is same as that of the last two stages</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span></span><div dir="ltr" style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Fig: Third stage rotor</span><img height="219" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/UAM1Fypu34l6GH8y8j7G7gSpIZjS2SZefiW9Y7at3Tal58B2-sJJ2vU9rh4AhT1hWCKZwfyfvRf2H-n3XsldLk8GDA3ItrCTgUWrvAp65gqu-FsQgAQ" width="320" /></span></div>
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span><br /><span style="font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Table 7.3.3: Third stage specification</span><br /><span style="font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span></span><div dir="ltr" style="font-weight: bold;">
<table style="border-bottom-style: none; border-collapse: collapse; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial;"><colgroup><col width="222"></col><col width="210"></col></colgroup><tbody>
<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: dotted; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: dotted; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: dotted; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">No of blades</span></span></td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: dotted; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: dotted; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: dotted; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">12</span></span></td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: dotted; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: dotted; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: dotted; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Length of extending plate</span></span></td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: dotted; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: dotted; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: dotted; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">0.04m</span></span></td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: dotted; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: dotted; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: dotted; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Length of blade</span></span></td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: dotted; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: dotted; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: dotted; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">0.150m</span></span></td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: dotted; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: dotted; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: dotted; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Diameter of hub</span></span></td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: dotted; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: dotted; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: dotted; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">0.20m</span></span></td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: dotted; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: dotted; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: dotted; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Distance from beginning stage</span></span></td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: dotted; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: dotted; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: dotted; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">0.85m</span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"><br /><span style="font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span></span><div dir="ltr" style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"> WORKING PRINCIPLE FOR WIND TURBINES:</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span><br /><span style="font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span></span><div dir="ltr" style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">When an airfoil-shaped body moved through a </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluid"><span style="color: black; font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">fluid</span></a><span style="font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> produces an </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerodynamic_force"><span style="color: black; font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">aerodynamic force</span></a><span style="font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> due to the Bernoulli’s principle (the pressure of air at lower end is higher than top surface). The component of this force </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perpendicular"><span style="color: black; font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">perpendicular</span></a><span style="font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> to the direction of motion is called </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lift_(force)"><span style="color: black; font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">lift</span></a><span style="font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">. This lift force is only responsible for rotation of the wind turbine.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span><img height="192px;" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/214tIuPtJFKeHyCyFQZeN-GSiE4HMU0eHTqDY84wwwK4upLPSJqAQvZjZskk-FnP0I5N50XRVUpZCaxlcpFAEdDFSG5Hlz_1o7Okcw9cdHfpbl-kIZ0" width="544px;" /><br /><span style="font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Fig : Working principle of wind turbine</span><br /><span style="font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span></span><div dir="ltr" style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">In PVC wind blades the cross are made as aerofoil to convert the velocity of wind into mechanical rotary motion.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span><br /><span style="font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span></span><div dir="ltr" style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">PRINCIPLE BEHIND MULTISTAGE WIND TURBINE:</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The principle for the multistage wind turbine is the modification from the principle of multi rotor wind turbine. Our new multistage principle increases the no of rotors in a single rotating shaft for the purpose of increasing the speed of the rotor and also the power. The principle for multistage wind turbine is explained below.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"> Principle for multi-rotor wind turbine:</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">By the principle of Bertz there is nothing possibility to built a multi rotor wind turbines at series in horizontal position. It’s only material waste. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">But at the same time from the principle of Doug Selsam by increase the angle of shaft ( horizontal to +ve angles) (or) inclined the angle position there is some chances to built a multi rotor wind turbines by giving wind to all rotors. From this we will construct a multi stage wind turbine. </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span><br /><span style="font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span><br /><span style="font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span><img height="331px;" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/uQ0zW4zs6103DFOcHlsZ-_WoBK0ZG85BTutHi112r8Xs46yYXAh7Zm_2J2w_nLYmGMv6i-0qauvgV1RWacTEef7QMK6gY-wv_D2fEh9mzn3SE6t4EvQ" width="592px;" /><br /><span style="font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Fig : Working principle of multistage wind turbine</span><br /><span style="font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span><br /></span><div dir="ltr" style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"> Principle for multi-rotor wind turbine:</span></span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">From the Selsam’s multi-rotor wind turbine principle, in our multi stage wind turbine we just use various diameter rotors in a single rotating shaft by increasing the distance between the rotors and we use a new type of double plate tail for conical lift device to receive air flow first.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">We also inclined the rotating shaft for the purpose of receiving the fresh air for each stage. The diagram below shows the principle for multi-rotor wind turbine. </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span><br /><span style="font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span><br /><span style="font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span><br /><span style="font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Fig : Principle for multistage wind turbine</span><img height="324px;" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/k2KrMgrMlzUOHcwKjhQBgackqsquOGO20ULzPIDyRFiis6BIejQspNW4g5-QbGfVJi3uPbulSIN4j_y5oIJ5cZXgwIVob09OBgKL6orhC3FBpU8ltmY" width="624px;" /><br /></span><div dir="ltr" style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">WORKING OF CONICAL LIFT DEVICE:</span></span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>When the air flows in-between the two blades horizontally then there is a pressure difference is produced due to the shape of the blades. By the application of Bernoulli's theorem the total device is moved to the low pressure side (clock wise from front). At the bigger side of the cone the air was completely blocked by the bending blades. This makes more pressure differences to turn device at slow wind speeds. </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Fig : Working of conical lift device</span><img height="253px;" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/dfO6b72W0Vc43Bngu-CBHNxTsw4_v7WtNB_eJGTayP26EN9bEbGB3VlEnTcLMfgVPcP5n3nlVe0Lvnoo-Q7oqLX1D-M0f3g4_oPAsMityY6CuzQ4Fx4" width="624px;" /><br /><span style="font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span><br /><span style="font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span></span><div dir="ltr" style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The conical lift device works as an initiator in the multi stage wind turbine. The cut in speed for the conical lift device will be 3.8m/s. that help to speed up the turbine at low wind speed. </span></span></div>
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<span style="vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; white-space: pre-wrap;">
</span><span id="internal-source-marker_0.17291175900027156" style="text-align: -webkit-auto;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">CONSTRUCTION DETAILS</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The construction of the multistage wind turbine consists of three major parts, these are explained below.</span></div>
<ul style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; white-space: normal;">
<li style="font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Supporting unit.</span></div>
</li>
<li style="font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Rotor and tail unit.</span></div>
</li>
<li style="font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Transmission unit.</span></div>
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</ul>
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span><br /><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> SUPPORTING UNIT: </span><br /><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">
<span style="font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The supporting unit consists of supporting c –channels with inclined positions by the principle of multistage wind turbine. The supporting columns are not equal and also they are not perpendicular with the bottom horizontal channel. The value of angle for the rotating shaft is given as 10 deg; by this we designed the angular positions of the supporting columns. The dimensions and positions of the supporting columns are explained in diagram below.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The total supporting column sets are fitted over the thrust bearing which is in the top of the supporting tower. The total top weight of the upper supporting setup was loaded over the thrust bearing using the iron rod.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal;"><img height="212" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/_vu00Y7tE0Md-xsYkT9MhjgL_1OlP3ssb1e4XhTSNK-ZDT3wQa_NlCRkCXByUsTmHdrqwem2etQR7jsdtBqBRRKApSR6if4MV_2Ru9YbxoPgE1JhRg0" width="320" /></span><br /><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Fig : Supporting unit</span><br /><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span><br /><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span><br /><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> ROTOR AND TAIL UNIT:</span><br /><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">
<span style="font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Each rotor are situated in the 2meter length shaft with some space interval them, with respect to the diameter of the rotor. For larger diameter rotor requires more space interval from the beginning rotor. By the new principle of multistage wind turbine these rotors are situated with different space intervals. </span></div>
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Fig 12.2 (a): Rotor and tail in turbine</span><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal;"><img height="214" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/L5HiyEcZ70QZjBmHDSwAX2hvsNOp3syWTz8hDjFK-gJ8ZFbKTB2nh54lHdK8VnTla46ymlYbxhrjuY1VQHu9CTgU2rw1n56ihJpBAflYYNcopl1SB4E" width="320" /></span><br /><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">
<span style="font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The twin tail helps to turn the turbine to face the wind and also for conical lift device to receive the air first for the purpose increase the output power of the turbine.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span><br /><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Fig : View of tail from top</span><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal;"><img height="224px;" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/TB524_Vg2HOcxiH3lG92EphdYfEhS7mImTWw75Z53lMkcFwx8dEWxvtcECdsk8HsG7bbP5B7zpgBZsrr2sakYABvE4fNExOmnkx8Rw1sJnGc4uyJXKw" width="480px;" /></span><br /><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span><br /><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span><br /><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> POWER TRANSMISSION UNIT:</span><br /><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">
<span style="font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Belt type power transmission is the cheapest power production system, with optimum efficiency. There is one larger pulley is fixed at the end of the shaft to transfer the power to smaller pulley which is fixed at the rotor’s alternator. The specifications of the belt drive transmission system are given below.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><br /><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Type of the belt = v- belt</span><br /><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Larger pulley diameter = 254mm</span><br /><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Smaller pulley diameter = 5.08mm</span><br /><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Length of belt = 3200.4mm</span><br /><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Material of the pulley = cast iron</span><br /><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal;"><img height="320" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/1HNbO51AP90uE6bShgBK-2PyJVRhAnsIhuCAgLhK6WubcB7RAz-mS9HxfXsl4iywcATzw4TypN5Dnhl3OHe7UX-mAGCWkKzgx6K44FFsdaGAx3YvMbI" width="274" /><img height="319px;" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/VZkqbmyWO-vtist79B5CRWkZ8DPeJnyN1mZS9DW6kpmduwt4MWop2fQpqvOdn_esHERJXHiQpGHjj9BDP8vK6hLfWDzbtFk9QZjoICpClTvhgRf527s" width="233px;" /></span><br /><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span><br /><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Fig : Power transmission unit</span><br /><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span><br /><br /><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center; white-space: normal;">
<span style="font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> WORKING OF MULTI STGE WIND TURBINE</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>When the air first hits the conical lift device then turbine starts rotating. That lift device helps to rotate the turbine. After the sufficient torque for the turbine are offered by another three stages in the unit. Fresh air is entered into the each stage for achieving maximum torque. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Then that torque was transmitted to the alternator by using belt drive transmission system. Considering the distance between the rotor shaft and the alternator we use belt drive for power transmission.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The alternator that helps to transfers the mechanical torque into electrical power. The tail that helps to turn the turbine to face the maximum wind power by receive wind conical lift device first.</span><img height="282" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/mYo3BU8Ik_44rjUOE0y431li1BI082xxij8aqQICxK8QqwMMFOxMy1gTvsVteEyV0lbu19D0bwxF9xT9WPbBj4QosjFMjZOKCOnJYBhB0did-Xz6PbQ" width="400" /></div>
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<span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">POWER OUTPUT</span></span></div>
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<table style="border-bottom-style: none; border-collapse: collapse; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial;"><colgroup><col width="123"></col><col width="123"></col><col width="123"></col><col width="123"></col><col width="139"></col></colgroup><tbody>
<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: dotted; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: dotted; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: dotted; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">S.NO</span></span></td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: dotted; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: dotted; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: dotted; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">STAGES</span></span></td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: dotted; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: dotted; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: dotted; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">RPM</span></span></td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: dotted; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: dotted; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: dotted; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">WIND SPEED</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> (m/s)</span></span></td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: dotted; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: dotted; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: dotted; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">OUTPUT POWER (w)</span></span></td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: dotted; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: dotted; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: dotted; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> 1</span></span></td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: dotted; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: dotted; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: dotted; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Conical lift device only</span></span></td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: dotted; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: dotted; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: dotted; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">105</span></span></td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: dotted; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: dotted; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: dotted; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">4.5</span></span></td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: dotted; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: dotted; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: dotted; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">4.3</span></span></td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: dotted; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: dotted; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: dotted; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> 2</span></span></td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: dotted; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: dotted; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: dotted; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Conical lift device and first stage rotor</span></span></td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: dotted; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: dotted; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: dotted; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">85</span></span></td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: dotted; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: dotted; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: dotted; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">4.5</span></span></td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: dotted; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: dotted; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: dotted; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">7.5</span></span></td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: dotted; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: dotted; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: dotted; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> 3</span></span></td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: dotted; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: dotted; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: dotted; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Conical lift device, first stage rotor and second stage rotor</span></span></td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: dotted; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: dotted; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: dotted; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">52</span></span></td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: dotted; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: dotted; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: dotted; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">4.5</span></span></td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: dotted; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: dotted; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: dotted; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">12.6</span></span></td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: dotted; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: dotted; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: dotted; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> 4</span></span></td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: dotted; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: dotted; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: dotted; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Conical lift device, first stage rotor, second stage rotor and third stage rotor</span></span></td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: dotted; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: dotted; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: dotted; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">39</span></span></td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: dotted; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: dotted; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: dotted; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">4.5</span></span></td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: dotted; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: dotted; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: dotted; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">16</span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span><br /><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt; white-space: normal;">
<span style="font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>At 12.5 m/s the output power will be more than 300 watts. We expect 50 watts at 4.5m/s but due to belt drive transmission and poor alternator reduces the power.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span><br /><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left; white-space: normal;">
<span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">ADVANTAGES</span></span></div>
<ul style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; white-space: normal;">
<li style="font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Alternate power generating unit.</span></li>
</ul>
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<li style="font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Cost effective then compared to other single stage turbines.</span></li>
</ul>
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<li style="font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Easy installation.</span></li>
</ul>
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<li style="font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Medium power production is possible up to 10KW.</span></div>
</li>
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<li style="font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Maintenance cost is low.</span></div>
</li>
</ul>
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<li style="font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Cut in speed is 3.8m/s, at lower wind speed maximum power is possible.</span></div>
</li>
</ul>
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<li style="font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Non- polluting.</span></div>
</li>
</ul>
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<li style="font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Space occupied by the multistage wind turbine is lower compared to single stage wind turbines.</span></div>
</li>
</ul>
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<span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">DISADVANTAGES</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span><ul style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; white-space: normal;">
<li style="font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Technical person is required for construction.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span><ul style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; white-space: normal;">
<li style="font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Higher fixing cares to be taken avoid accident due to heavy wind flow.</span></li>
</ul>
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<li style="font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Additional power pack unit required for storing power in day time and use the power in night times.</span></li>
</ul>
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<li style="font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Proper rectifier is required for charging the battery. </span></li>
</ul>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><b id="internal-source-marker_0.17291175900027156" style="text-align: -webkit-auto; white-space: normal;"><b id="internal-source-marker_0.17291175900027156" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b id="internal-source-marker_0.17291175900027156" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; white-space: normal;"><img height="223" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/wgJP48_CvdAhSV5nRnld6Gpd6H01nE7stIGaMynw7iWVO4sQK_KTRLEMSsfp8ttTJEMfd8BWnQhXak3MmhvEwjPRErvsOQNEX3vnI-9x5_MyXAP6DsM" width="400" /></b></span></b></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Increase the power of the turbine by using super alternator and use light weight material like carbon fiber. By using the light weight materials to blades and also rotating shaft we can add more rotors to increase the power. Add furling units and better gear drive transmission system for better efficiency. Give better design for rotating the turbine to face the wind depending upon the flow direction.</span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal;"> </span><br /><div style="text-align: right;">
<span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">- Work done by arjun [</span><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.917969); color: #555555; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: left; white-space: nowrap;">selvaarjunanpts@gmail.com]</span></div>
<br />
</div>sri ram rajahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02005266802784819465noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-325572863393095240.post-49282854653946154472012-01-19T02:39:00.000-08:002012-05-03T00:31:29.349-07:00Wind belt - DIY<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"> </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-qAjaUmPY8K0/TvmrN7ywsqI/AAAAAAAAAEE/WFrmut-cQ2A/s1600/IMG_3371.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="150" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-qAjaUmPY8K0/TvmrN7ywsqI/AAAAAAAAAEE/WFrmut-cQ2A/s200/IMG_3371.JPG" width="200" /></a><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-CxBYXmWvY2o/Tvmsb5k1GpI/AAAAAAAAAEM/THqYaK2kaU8/s1600/IMG_3372.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="150" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-CxBYXmWvY2o/Tvmsb5k1GpI/AAAAAAAAAEM/THqYaK2kaU8/s200/IMG_3372.JPG" width="200" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"> The Windbelt is a very simple design that can be self modified and enhanced to suit the needs of the user. The main components are a containing bracket, two copper coils, two strong button magnets, a ribbon and some bolts and nuts to piece together the entire system.</span><br />
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">•<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Bracket </span></b><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">The bracket holds together the entire unit. It can be fabricated from any available material such as treated timber, aluminum or plastic. The bracket requires a top and bottom piece and four spacer pieces. (See drawings for dimensions). It is important to consider the lifespan of the material since exposure to the elements is imminent. Weather treatment and protection will need to be applied, or else the Windbelt can be sheltered in an environment that channels wind through the capture zone.</span><br />
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">•<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Copper Coils </span></b><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">The copper coils provide the medium for electromagnetic induction, as explained in the concepts section. According to Faraday’s law of induction, the induced Electromotive Force (EMF) is directly influenced by ‘N’, the number of turns in a coil. We plan to use coils that have the maximum number of turns to fit in the available space between the bracket and the ribbon. To reduce the cost of the unit, we hope to make use of available electronic waste. There are copper coils in almost all appliances such as televisions and speakers. Any of these coils will potentially work in the Windbelt.</span><br />
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">•<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The Ribbon </span></b><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">The ribbon is the platform for the entire functionality of the Windbelt. When exposed to wind above 4m/s the ribbon in our Windbelt will experience aeroelastic flutter. Wind will cause the ribbon to move up and down with high frequency oscillating motion. It can be pictured to be similar to the flutter of a tarp on the back of a ute, or the vibration of a piece of grass stretched between your fingers. The material for the ribbon can be anything durable enough to withstand monsoon weather and high wind forces. It is key for the ribbon to be as light as possible so that the cut in wind speed for flutter is minimised. The ribbon also needs to be torsionally strong so that the oscillation is as linear as possible, with little twist during the motion.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><br />
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">•<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Magnets </span></b><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Two button magnets are attached to the ribbon in line with the centre of the copper coils. Joining the magnets on either side of the ribbon means they naturally attract, and using strong magnets will prevent movement over time. The stronger the magnetic field, the greater the magnetic flux and thus the larger induced current. As the magnets move up and down with the flutter of the ribbon the polarity of the field through the copper coils reverses. This change in polarity results in an alternating current best represented by the sine wave in figure. To capture the power output from the Windbelt, we plan to connect the wires from the copper coil into a rectifier for AC to DC conversion, and then plug the DC power into a appropriate applicant. </span><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">CONSTRUCTION</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">•<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Timber was measured, marked and cut to length into four pieces using an electrical circular saw </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">-<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2 X (Top and Bottom frame pieces) </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">-<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>4 X (Spacers) </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">•<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>All pieces of the frame were aligned. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">•<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Insulated copper wire was hand-wound around a hollow plastic tube as evenly as possible for about 100 turns to make a copper coil. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">•<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Once the first coil was wound, a section of straight wire approx 300mm long was left unwound to allow the circuit to reach from the top to the bottom of the frame. The second coil was wound at this point, and after 100 turns, some excess wire was left free. This would allow an appliance, rectifier, or, in the case of our prototype, a multimeter to be introduced into the circuit. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">•<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Ribbon was then tightly clamped in one end of the frame by tightening. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">•<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>To find the right tension in the belt, a fan was used to provide a constant stream of air while the belt was pulled tighter. When the belt fluttered with the most effective amplitude and frequency then it’s fixed. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">•<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>We tested a number of materials for the belt ranging from simple fabric ribbon, to videotape. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">•<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Insulation tape was the chosen medium as it had the least torsional rotation. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">•<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>A two-part epoxy was mixed to create a strong adhesive, and the copper coils were glued to the frame and left overnight to set. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">•<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span> We now have our completed Windbelt power generator.</span></div>
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</div>Arun kumarhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06897302611462106259noreply@blogger.com4